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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Energy powerhouses Maddie Hughes, Izzie Gall, Erin Semple, Alex Capaldo, Alex Park Mitochondria Mitochondria • Power centers of a cell o Plant or animal • Provide energy for the cell o Motion o Division o Secretion o Contraction • Present in all living cells • More concentrated in muscle cells • The reason animals require oxygen Mitochondria: Structure • Double membrane o Outer membrane Simple phospholipid bilayer Easy for molecules like ATP or sugar to penetrate Smooth Separates inner membrane space from vacuole o Inner membrane Cristae greatly increase the membrane's surface area Site of ATP production from oxygen and sugar Krebs/citric acid cycle Mitochondria: Structure • Non-membrane spaces o Intermembrane space Between outer and inner membranes Contains energy before it is released to the cytoplasm/vacuole Contains oxygen, water, CO2 on their way to cristae o Matrix Within cristae Contains enzymes used during Krebs cycle Chloroplasts Chloroplasts • Aid the mitochondria in energy production o Plant cells only • Contain chlorophyll o Absorbs light o Responsible for green coloration • Responsible for creation of oxygen Chloroplasts: Structure • Double membrane o Outer membrane Simple phospholipid bilayer Easy for molecules like ATP or sugar to penetrate Smooth o Inner membrane Regulates substances entering chloroplast Smooth • Thylakoids Location of photosynthesis (the "light" reactions) Membrane disks Equivalent of mitochondrial cristae Arranged in grana (stacks) Chloroplasts: Structure • Non-membrane spaces o Stroma Space between thylakoid disks Site of "dark" reactions of photosynthesis Contains the enzymes required for these reactions Chloroplasts • Create energy for the cell o Convert light into ATP • Plant cells only • Create O2 and carbs • Double membrane • Krebs cycle o Takes place on thylakoids, separate from membranes Mitochondria • Create energy for the cell o Convert food energy into ATP • Plant and animal cells • Consume O2 and carbs • Double membrane • Calvin cycle o Takes place on cristae, identical to the inner membrane o Sources HyperPhysics. C.R. Knave/Georgia State University, 2005. Web. 1 Sept. 2009. <http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/HBASE/Biology/mitochondria.html>. Sullivan, Jim. "Eucaryotic Cell Interactive Animation." 2006. Cells Alive. 31 Aug. 2009 <http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm>. Experimental Biosciences: Introductory Laboratory Bios 211. David R. Caprette, Rice University, 25 June 2009. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. <http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/mitochondria/mitotheor y.html>. "Chloroplasts." Kimball's Biology Pages. Ed. John W. Kimball. John W. Kimball, 10 August 2003. Web. 2 Sept. 2009. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/>.