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Transcript
Basic Cell Structure Cells Basic building blocks of life Understanding of cell morphology is critical to the study of biotechnology Cell Smallest living unit of an organism Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment Nucleus Prokaryotes – have no nucleus Eukaryotes – have a nucleus Prokaryotes Single celled organism Kingdom Monera Lacks a cell nucleus Internal structure is less organized than other cells Common prokaryote structures Cytoplasm Chromosomal material Cell membrane and wall Ribosomes Some have flagellum for mobility Eukaryotes Human body has at least 85 different cell types All eukaryotes have a number of structures in common Common structures Organelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific funtions Cell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell Plants, algae and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall Cell wall Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of water Animal cells do not have walls Cytoplasm Organelles are surrounded by a jelly like substance Primary component is water Other organelles Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi bodies Endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Contains DNA DNA is located on chromosomes Most organisms are diploid – have tow chromosomes for each trait Vacuole Large organelle, without specific shape Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins Golgi Bodies Adds modifications to unfinished proteins Makes Lysosome Lysosome Small round Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself Mitochondria Energy factories Rod shaped Change food into molecules that can be used for energy Cellular processes Respiration Osmosis Diffusion Photosynthesis Respiration Cells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energy Oxidation of glucose is one of most common forms Epithelial and Connective Tissues Epithelial tissues Classes Junctions Glands Connective Tissues Matrix Cells Types EPITHELIAL TISSUES Sheets of cells Specialized contacts/cell junctions (see below) Basal lamina: protein scaffolding secreted by epithelial cells Basement membrane: reticular fibers (crossed collagen network) that supports epithelium--really associated connective tissue Connective tissue support Nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissue Nerves pass through Easily regenerates E.g. skin, lining of gut, mucous membranes Classes of Epithelia Simple: just one layer or cell shape Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes Cell Junctions Desmosome: binding spots between cells with proteins called cadherins Tight junctions: impermeable E.g. gut tube, doesn’t let enzymes from gut into blood stream Gap junctions: tubes that let small molecules pass between cells Features of Apical Surface of Epithelium Microvilli: (ex) in small intestine Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane of apical epithelial cell Increase surface area for absorption Cilia: (ex) respiratory tubes Whip-like, motile extensions Moves mucus, etc. over epithelial surface 1-way Flagella: (ex) spermatoza Extra long cilia Moves cell Features of Lateral Surface of Epithelium Cells are connected to neighboring cells via: Proteins-link cells together, interdigitate Contour of cells-wavy contour fits together Cell Junctions Desmosomes-adhesive spots on lateral sides Tight Junctions-at apical area, plasma membrane of adjacent cells fuse, nothing passes Gap junction-spot-like junction occurring anywhere, lets small molecules pass Cells of Connective Tissues Fibroblasts make fibers Immune cells in areolar tissue Macrophages Plasma cells Mast cells Neutrophils, Lymphocytes “Dense” Connective tissues Irregular Thick fibers running in many planes E.g. dermis, fibrous capsules around organs Regular Aligned parallel fibers Resists tension E.g. tendon, ligaments, aponeuroses Sometimes with elastic fibers (e.g. ligamentum nuchae) Other Connective Tissues Bone Cartilage Blood Submitted by: Jagmeetbir Singh Angad Ahluwalia