* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cell: The Basic Unit of Life
Survey
Document related concepts
Cell membrane wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Cell nucleus wikipedia , lookup
Tissue engineering wikipedia , lookup
Extracellular matrix wikipedia , lookup
Cell growth wikipedia , lookup
Cell encapsulation wikipedia , lookup
Cellular differentiation wikipedia , lookup
Cytokinesis wikipedia , lookup
Cell culture wikipedia , lookup
Organ-on-a-chip wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Notes: BIO & HON Name Discovery School Date pd. Cell: The Basic Unit of Life Directions: go to my school website. Click on the videos tab and find the video Discovery Ed Cell: The Basic Unit of Life. Watch, pause and rewind to answer the following questions. Turn this sheet in for credit when done. 1. FROM THE SIMPLEST MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS UP THROUGH THE LARGEST, MOST COMPLEX ANIMALS AND PLANTS, ARE ALIKE IN ONE BASIC RESPECT-- ALL OF THEM ARE MADE UP OF 2. THESE TINY CELLS ARE, THEMSELVES, MADE UP OF MANY HIGHLY COMPONENTS. 3. ALL LIVING CELLS CAN , REPAIR, AND MAINTAIN THEMSELVES, REPRODUCE, UNDERGO CHANGE, MOVE, TO THEIR SURROUNDINGS AND ALL LIVING CELLS WILL EVENTUALLY GROW OLD AND . 4. BECAUSE CELLS ARE THE SMALLEST BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES CAPABLE OF PERFORMING ALL OF THESE LIFE ACTIVITIES, THEY ARE CALLED "THE BASIC UNITS OF ." 5. MANY OF NATURE'S SIMPLEST CREATURES ARE NOTHING MORE THAN SINGLE, INDEPENDENTLY LIVING CELLS AND THEREFORE ARE CALLED ORGANISMS. 6. THE SMALLEST AND MOST PRIMITIVE LIVING CELLS ARE THE WE SEE HERE. 7. Circle: TRUE OR FALSE…All bacteria are harmful 8. MANY PROTOZOANS HAVE DEVELOPED SPECIAL CELL STRUCTURES ALLOWING THEM TO MOVE THROUGH WATER IN SEARCH OF FOOD. THE CELL OF A PARAMECIUM IS COVERED WITH TINY, HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURES CALLED WHICH RAPIDLY BEAT THE WATER RESULTING IN CELL LOCOMOTION. 9. Rewind if need to. Observe the cilia and identify an everyday example that reminds you of cilia. 10. AN AMOEBA SLIDES OVER SURFACES BY EXTENDING OUT PARTS OF ITS CELL CALLED PSEUDOPODS, OR FALSE , WHICH THEN PULL THE REST OF THE CELL ALONG. 11. THIS PROTOZOAN USES A -LIKE FLAGELLUM TO MOVE ITS CELL THROUGH THE WATER. 12. MORE BIOLOGICALLY ADVANCED CREATURES CALLED MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS, DIFFERENT KINDS OF CELLS ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO PERFORM SPECIALIZED TASKS. 13. GENERALLY SPEAKING, THE MORE CELLS A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM POSSESSES THE ITS BODY WILL BE. FOR EXAMPLE, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AN ADULT HUMAN BEING IS MADE UP OF ABOUT ONE HUNDRED CELLS. 14. WITHIN THE BODIES OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS MOST CELLS OF THE SAME TYPE WILL JOIN TOGETHER TO FORM LAYERS CALLED . 15. ALMOST FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO, WHILE USING A SIMPLE MICROSCOPE LIKE THIS TO STUDY SLICES OF DRIED PLANT TISSUE, THE ENGLISH SCIENTIST, ROBERT , SAW STRUCTURES THAT REMINDED HIM OF THE TINY SLEEPING ROOMS CALLED USED BY MONKS THAT HE HAD SEEN IN MEDIEVAL MONASTERIES. 16. THEN AROUND 1839, TWO GERMAN SCIENTISTS, THEODORE SCHWANN AND M.J. SCHLEIDEN, ARRIVED AT THE THEORY TO EXPLAIN THE ROLL OF CELLS IN LIVING THINGS. THE CELL OF SCHLEIDEN AND SCHWANN CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS. 1. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 17. THE NUCLEUS IS NORMALLY AN OVAL OR SPHERICAL STRUCTURE FOUND NEAR THE CENTER OF THE CELL. THE NUCLEUS IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT IS THE CONTROL CENTER FOR THE ENTIRE CELL. THE NUCLEUS REGULATES AND DIRECTS ALL OF THE CELLS -- FROM HOW IT REPRODUCES TO HOW IT USES FOOD. 18. SPECIAL AREAS OF THE GIANT DNA MOLECULE CALLED HOLD INFORMATION NEEDED TO CONSTRUCT PROTEINS USED TO BUILD AND REPAIR CELLS AND ARE ALSO CRITICAL TO ALL NORMAL CELL FUNCTIONS. 19. INSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS ALONG WITH THE CHROMATIN IS A SMALL, ROUNDED OBJECT CALLED THE , OR LITTLE NUCLEUS. THE NUCLEOLUS IS VERY DENSE AND CONTAINS A LARGE AMOUNT OF A CHEMICAL SIMILAR TO DNA CALLED-- THE SPECIAL KIND OF RNA FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS CALLED RIBOSOMAL RNA PASSES INTO THE CYTOPLASM THROUGH IN THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS. 20. HERE IN THE CYTOPLASM THE RIBOSOMAL RNA FORMS HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF TINY ORGANS, OR ORGANELLES CALLED . IT IS ON THE SURFACE OF THE RIBOSOMES THAT DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING NEW PROTEINS THAT ARRIVE FROM THE DNA IN THE FORM OF ANOTHER KIND OF RNA CALLED RNA 21. MOST OF THE RIBOSOMES IN THE CYTOPLASM ARE FOUND ATTACHED TO A VERY COMPLICATED SYSTEM OF FLATTENED TUBES CALLED THE . Now pause. 22. Look at the illustration of the endoplasmic reticulum. There are 2 types of ER. The abbreviated RER and the abbreviated SER. In this illustration Which is more numerous? The RER or the SER? How can you tell the difference between the two? 23. THE PROTEINS MADE BY THE RIBOSOMES IN ONE PART OF THE CELL CAN PASS THROUGH THE TUBES OF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ON THEIR WAY TO CELL PARTS. SOME CELLS ACTUALLY THE PROTEINS THEY MAKE. 24. These types of cells usually have a special type of system called the golgi apparatus. Now pause. Look at the illustration. Describe where the golgi apparatus is relative to the ER. 25. Circle: TRUE OR FALSE…The mitochondria is larger in size compared to ribosomes. 26. THE MITOCHONDRIA ARE KNOWN AS THE POWER HOUSES OF THE CELL. WITHIN THE TINY FOLDS OF THESE ORGANELLES, FOOD MATERIALS LIKE SUGARS ARE CONVERTED INTO SPECIAL -RICH MOLECULES USED BY THE CELL TO POWER ITS LIFE PROCESSES. 27. THE MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN A SMALL AMOUNT OF , ENOUGH FOR ABOUT 50 GENES, SOME BIOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT MITOCHONDRIA DEVELOPED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO AS VERY SIMPLE, FREE-LIVING ORGANISMS SIMILAR TO BACTERIA, INVADED OTHER LIVING , AND THEN TOOK UP PERMANENT RESIDENCE INSIDE OF THEM. 28. PLANTS GET THEIR COLOR FROM A PIGMENT CALLED CHLOROPHYLL THAT IS FOUND IN SPECIAL CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CALLED CHLOROPLASTS THAT ARE ABSENT IN ANIMAL CELLS. 29. WITHIN THE CHLOROPLASTS THE SUN'S ENERGY IS CAPTURED AS CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER ARE CHEMICALLY COMBINED TO CREATE SUGARS AND OXYGEN BY A PROCESS CALLED PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAT EAT PLANTS USE THESE SUGARS FOR FOOD. 30. ANOTHER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CELLS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS IS THAT ANIMAL CELLS POSSESS TINY STRUCTURES CALLED OR CENTROSOMES THAT ARE THE FOCAL POINT FOR THE SPINDLE FIBERS FOUND IN DIVIDING ANIMAL CELLS. PLANT CELLS HAVE SPINDLE FIBERS BUT RARELY HAVE CENTRIOLES. 31. BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS CONTAIN LARGE, WATER-FILLED SACS CALLED . VERY OFTEN PLANTS WILL HAVE JUST ONE LARGE VACUOLE. ANIMAL CELLS WILL USUALLY HAVE SEVERAL, SMALLER VACUOLES. 32. CONTRACTILE VACUOLES PREVENT ANIMAL CELLS FROM APART. 33. ANIMAL CELLS BUT NOT PLANT CELLS HAVE MANY, SMALL, ROUNDED STRUCTURES CALLED LYSOSOMES VERY SIMILAR TO THE FOOD VACUOLES OF PROTOZOA. LYSOSOMES CONTAIN DIGESTIVE WITHIN THEM, LARGE FOOD MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO MOLECULES THAT CAN BE USED BY THE MITOCHONDRIA TO PRODUCE ENERGY FOR THE CELL. 34. LYSOSOMES ALSO HELP ORGANISMS GET RID OF AND DYING CELLS. WHEN A TADPOLE BEGINS TO LOSE ITS TAIL AS IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO A TAILLESS, ADULT FROG, THE LYSOSOMES IN THE TAIL CELLS CARRY OUT THIS JOB. 35. WHEREAS ANIMALS LACK A CELL WALL. Now pause. Describe how plant cells look in this picture. 36. THE CELL WALLS OF PLANTS TOGETHER TO CREATE RIGID LAYERS ALLOWING TREES AND OTHER LARGE PLANTS TO GROW TALL AND UPRIGHT. 37. THE CELL MEMBRANE CREATES THE OUTER BOUNDARY OF EACH CELL. THE CELL MEMBRANE IS A HIGHLY ORGANIZED STRUCTURE THAT PERFORMS A NUMBER OF VERY IMPORTANT . EVERYTHING THE CELL NEEDS INCLUDING FOOD, WATER, AND MUST PASS THROUGH THIS MEMBRANE TO ENTER THE CELL. 38. LIKEWISE WASTE PRODUCTS EXIT THE CELL THROUGH THIS MEMBRANE. BY CONTROLLING WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES THE CELL, THE CELL MEMBRANE HELPS MAINTAIN A STATE OF PERFECT BALANCE WITHIN THE CELL CALLED .