Download Cell: The Basic Unit of Life

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Name
Discovery School
Date
pd.
Cell: The Basic Unit of Life
Directions: go to my school website. Click on the videos tab and find the video Discovery Ed Cell: The Basic Unit of Life.
Watch, pause and rewind to answer the following questions. Turn this sheet in for credit when done.
1. FROM THE SIMPLEST MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS UP THROUGH THE LARGEST, MOST COMPLEX ANIMALS AND
PLANTS, ARE ALIKE IN ONE BASIC RESPECT-- ALL OF THEM ARE MADE UP OF
2. THESE TINY CELLS ARE, THEMSELVES, MADE UP OF MANY HIGHLY
COMPONENTS.
3. ALL LIVING CELLS CAN
, REPAIR, AND MAINTAIN THEMSELVES, REPRODUCE, UNDERGO
CHANGE, MOVE,
TO THEIR SURROUNDINGS AND ALL LIVING CELLS WILL EVENTUALLY
GROW OLD AND
.
4. BECAUSE CELLS ARE THE SMALLEST BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES CAPABLE OF PERFORMING ALL OF THESE LIFE
ACTIVITIES, THEY ARE CALLED "THE BASIC UNITS OF
."
5. MANY OF NATURE'S SIMPLEST CREATURES ARE NOTHING MORE THAN SINGLE, INDEPENDENTLY LIVING CELLS AND
THEREFORE ARE CALLED
ORGANISMS.
6. THE SMALLEST AND MOST PRIMITIVE LIVING CELLS ARE THE
WE SEE HERE.
7. Circle: TRUE OR FALSE…All bacteria are harmful
8. MANY PROTOZOANS HAVE DEVELOPED SPECIAL CELL STRUCTURES ALLOWING THEM TO MOVE THROUGH WATER
IN SEARCH OF FOOD. THE CELL OF A PARAMECIUM IS COVERED WITH TINY, HAIR-LIKE STRUCTURES CALLED
WHICH RAPIDLY BEAT THE WATER RESULTING IN CELL LOCOMOTION.
9. Rewind if need to. Observe the cilia and identify an everyday example that reminds you of cilia.
10. AN AMOEBA SLIDES OVER SURFACES BY EXTENDING OUT PARTS OF ITS CELL CALLED PSEUDOPODS, OR FALSE
, WHICH THEN PULL THE REST OF THE CELL ALONG.
11. THIS PROTOZOAN USES A
-LIKE FLAGELLUM TO MOVE ITS CELL THROUGH THE WATER.
12. MORE BIOLOGICALLY ADVANCED CREATURES CALLED MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS,
DIFFERENT KINDS OF CELLS ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO PERFORM SPECIALIZED TASKS.
13. GENERALLY SPEAKING, THE MORE CELLS A MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM POSSESSES THE
ITS
BODY WILL BE. FOR EXAMPLE, IT IS ESTIMATED THAT AN ADULT HUMAN BEING IS MADE UP OF ABOUT ONE
HUNDRED
CELLS.
14. WITHIN THE BODIES OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS MOST CELLS OF THE SAME TYPE WILL JOIN TOGETHER TO
FORM LAYERS CALLED
.
15. ALMOST FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO, WHILE USING A SIMPLE MICROSCOPE LIKE THIS TO STUDY SLICES OF DRIED
PLANT TISSUE, THE ENGLISH SCIENTIST, ROBERT
, SAW STRUCTURES THAT REMINDED
HIM OF THE TINY SLEEPING ROOMS CALLED
USED BY MONKS THAT HE HAD SEEN IN
MEDIEVAL MONASTERIES.
16. THEN AROUND 1839, TWO GERMAN SCIENTISTS, THEODORE SCHWANN AND M.J. SCHLEIDEN, ARRIVED AT THE
THEORY TO EXPLAIN THE ROLL OF CELLS IN LIVING THINGS. THE CELL
OF SCHLEIDEN
AND SCHWANN CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS.
1.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
3.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
17. THE NUCLEUS IS NORMALLY AN OVAL OR SPHERICAL STRUCTURE FOUND NEAR THE CENTER OF THE CELL. THE
NUCLEUS IS VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT IS THE CONTROL CENTER FOR THE ENTIRE CELL. THE NUCLEUS
REGULATES AND DIRECTS ALL OF THE CELLS
-- FROM HOW IT REPRODUCES TO HOW
IT USES FOOD.
18. SPECIAL AREAS OF THE GIANT DNA MOLECULE CALLED
HOLD INFORMATION NEEDED
TO CONSTRUCT PROTEINS USED TO BUILD AND REPAIR CELLS AND ARE ALSO CRITICAL TO ALL NORMAL CELL
FUNCTIONS.
19. INSIDE OF THE NUCLEUS ALONG WITH THE CHROMATIN IS A SMALL, ROUNDED OBJECT CALLED THE
, OR LITTLE NUCLEUS. THE NUCLEOLUS IS VERY DENSE AND CONTAINS A LARGE
AMOUNT OF A CHEMICAL SIMILAR TO DNA CALLED-- THE SPECIAL KIND OF RNA FOUND IN THE NUCLEOLUS
CALLED RIBOSOMAL RNA PASSES INTO THE CYTOPLASM THROUGH
IN THE NUCLEAR
MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS.
20. HERE IN THE CYTOPLASM THE RIBOSOMAL RNA FORMS HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF TINY ORGANS, OR
ORGANELLES CALLED
. IT IS ON THE SURFACE OF THE RIBOSOMES THAT DIRECTIONS
FOR MAKING NEW PROTEINS THAT ARRIVE FROM THE DNA IN THE FORM OF ANOTHER KIND OF RNA CALLED
RNA
21. MOST OF THE RIBOSOMES IN THE CYTOPLASM ARE FOUND ATTACHED TO A VERY COMPLICATED SYSTEM OF
FLATTENED TUBES CALLED THE
. Now pause.
22. Look at the illustration of the endoplasmic reticulum. There are 2 types of ER. The
abbreviated
RER and the
abbreviated SER. In this illustration Which is more numerous? The RER
or the SER?
How can you tell the difference between the two?
23. THE PROTEINS MADE BY THE RIBOSOMES IN ONE PART OF THE CELL CAN PASS THROUGH THE TUBES OF THE
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ON THEIR WAY TO
CELL PARTS. SOME CELLS ACTUALLY
THE PROTEINS THEY MAKE.
24. These types of cells usually have a special type of system called the golgi apparatus. Now pause. Look at the
illustration. Describe where the golgi apparatus is relative to the ER.
25. Circle: TRUE OR FALSE…The mitochondria is larger in size compared to ribosomes.
26. THE MITOCHONDRIA ARE KNOWN AS THE POWER HOUSES OF THE CELL. WITHIN THE TINY FOLDS OF THESE
ORGANELLES, FOOD MATERIALS LIKE SUGARS ARE CONVERTED INTO SPECIAL
-RICH
MOLECULES USED BY THE CELL TO POWER ITS LIFE PROCESSES.
27. THE MITOCHONDRIA CONTAIN A SMALL AMOUNT OF
, ENOUGH FOR ABOUT 50 GENES, SOME
BIOLOGISTS BELIEVE THAT MITOCHONDRIA DEVELOPED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO AS VERY SIMPLE, FREE-LIVING
ORGANISMS SIMILAR TO BACTERIA, INVADED OTHER LIVING
, AND THEN TOOK UP
PERMANENT RESIDENCE INSIDE OF THEM.
28. PLANTS GET THEIR
COLOR FROM A PIGMENT CALLED CHLOROPHYLL THAT IS FOUND IN
SPECIAL CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES CALLED CHLOROPLASTS THAT ARE ABSENT IN ANIMAL CELLS.
29. WITHIN THE CHLOROPLASTS THE SUN'S ENERGY IS CAPTURED AS CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER ARE CHEMICALLY
COMBINED TO CREATE SUGARS AND OXYGEN BY A PROCESS CALLED
PLANTS AND ANIMALS
THAT EAT PLANTS USE THESE SUGARS FOR FOOD.
30. ANOTHER DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CELLS OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS IS THAT ANIMAL CELLS POSSESS TINY
STRUCTURES CALLED
OR CENTROSOMES THAT ARE THE FOCAL POINT FOR THE
SPINDLE FIBERS FOUND IN DIVIDING ANIMAL CELLS. PLANT CELLS HAVE SPINDLE FIBERS BUT RARELY HAVE
CENTRIOLES.
31. BOTH ANIMAL AND PLANT CELLS CONTAIN LARGE, WATER-FILLED SACS CALLED
. VERY
OFTEN PLANTS WILL HAVE JUST ONE LARGE VACUOLE. ANIMAL CELLS WILL USUALLY HAVE SEVERAL, SMALLER
VACUOLES.
32. CONTRACTILE VACUOLES PREVENT ANIMAL CELLS FROM
APART.
33. ANIMAL CELLS BUT NOT PLANT CELLS HAVE MANY, SMALL, ROUNDED STRUCTURES CALLED LYSOSOMES VERY
SIMILAR TO THE FOOD VACUOLES OF PROTOZOA. LYSOSOMES CONTAIN DIGESTIVE
WITHIN THEM,
LARGE FOOD MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO
MOLECULES THAT CAN BE USED
BY THE MITOCHONDRIA TO PRODUCE ENERGY FOR THE CELL.
34. LYSOSOMES ALSO HELP ORGANISMS GET RID OF
AND DYING CELLS. WHEN A TADPOLE
BEGINS TO LOSE ITS TAIL AS IT IS TRANSFORMED INTO A TAILLESS, ADULT FROG, THE LYSOSOMES IN THE TAIL CELLS
CARRY OUT THIS JOB.
35. WHEREAS ANIMALS LACK A CELL WALL. Now pause. Describe how plant cells look in this picture.
36. THE CELL WALLS OF PLANTS
TOGETHER TO CREATE RIGID LAYERS ALLOWING TREES
AND OTHER LARGE PLANTS TO GROW TALL AND UPRIGHT.
37. THE CELL MEMBRANE CREATES THE OUTER BOUNDARY OF EACH CELL. THE CELL MEMBRANE IS A HIGHLY
ORGANIZED STRUCTURE THAT PERFORMS A NUMBER OF VERY IMPORTANT
. EVERYTHING
THE CELL NEEDS INCLUDING FOOD, WATER, AND
MUST PASS THROUGH THIS
MEMBRANE TO ENTER THE CELL.
38. LIKEWISE WASTE PRODUCTS EXIT THE CELL THROUGH THIS MEMBRANE. BY CONTROLLING WHAT ENTERS AND
LEAVES THE CELL, THE CELL MEMBRANE HELPS MAINTAIN A STATE OF PERFECT BALANCE WITHIN THE CELL CALLED
.