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Schematic showing the transcription control regions in a hypothetical mRNA-producing eukaryotic gene transcribed by RNA polymerase II. Such a gene can be divided into its coding and regulatory regions, as defined by the transcription start site (arrow; +1). The coding region contains the DNA sequence that is transcribed into mRNA, which is ultimately translated into protein, typically after extensive mRNA processing via splicing (Figures 36–12, 36–13, 36–14, 36–15, and 36–16. The regulatory region consists of two classes of elements. One is responsible for ensuring basal expression. The “promoter,” is often composed of the TATA box and/or Inr and/or DPE elements (see Table 36–3), directs RNA polymerase II to the correct site (fidelity). However, in certain genes that lack a consensus TATA, the so-called TATA-less promoters, an initiator (Inr) and/or DPE elements may direct the polymerase to this Source: Structure, Function, & Replication of Informational Macromolecules, Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30e site. Another component, the upstream elements, specifies the frequency of initiation; such elements can either be proximal (50–200 bp) or distal (1000– Citation: Rodwell VW, Bender DA,the Botham KM, Kennelly Weil P.elements Harper's Illustrated Biochemistry, 30e; 2015 Available at: (bound by the 105 bp) to the promoter as shown. Among best studied of thePJ, proximal is the CAAT box, but several other elements http://mhmedical.com/ Accessed: May 13, 2017 transactivator proteins Sp1, NF1, AP1, etc; Table 36–3) may be used in various genes. The distal elements enhance or repress expression, several of Copyright © 2017toMcGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved which mediate the response various signals, including hormones, heat shock, heavy metals, and chemicals. Tissue-specific expression also involves specific sequences of this sort. The orientation dependence of all the elements is indicated by the arrows within the boxes. For example, the proximal