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Regulation of Calvin cycle Rubisco is a prime target for regulation Activation of rubisco by carbamate Rubisco is activated by carbamylation CO2 concentration? pH? Alkaline pH favors Mg2+ concentration? conditions regulate stromal FBP-1 high light Stroma pH And Mg2+ Activation of Rubisco fig20-34 Redox regulation of Calvin cycle with Thioredox: Activation of enzymes by regulating redox states of a disulfide bond redox regulation of Calvin cycle enzymes via thioredoxin high light fig20-36 Th-SH enz activity Coordination of the light and dark reactions Light reactions Electron transfer Reduced ferrodoxin Thioredoxin Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes Dark reactions Coordination of the light and dark reactions Light reactions Electron transfer Reduced ferrodoxin pH Mg2+ Thioredoxin Regulatory disulfide bonds in Calvin cycle enzymes Dark reactions Fat Metabolism Americans are getting fatter, so do the people in other developed countries Triacylglycerol: Fatty acids and glycerol Also called triglycerides or neutral fats Fatty acids Various lipids Dietary fats form micelles with the help of Bile salts Lipases release fatty acids and monoacylglycerol Transport lipids in Chylomicrons from McDonalds to Metabolism… Summary of dietary lipids processing Molecular structure of Chylomicrons Mobilization of the stored Triacylglycerol in adipose tissue Transport fatty acids from adipose tissue to muscle or other tissue Serum albumin Fatty acids and glycerol are the products from lipase cleavage Fate of glycerol Physiological roles for fatty acids Building blocks for phosphalipis and glycolipids Covalent modification of proteins Fuel Precursor for hormones and signaling molecules Fatty acids are oxidized in matrix of mitochondria Activation and transport fatty acids to mitochondria Three enzymatic reactions: Acyl CoA synthetase Carnitine acyl transferase I Carnitine acyl transferase II Activates fatty acid to form Acyl CoA Driving by hydrolysis of pyrophosphate Transport Fatty acids into mitochondria Carnitine acyltransferase I Carnitine acyltransferase II Formation of Acyl carnitine Normally, the transfer of an acyl group from an alcohol to sulfhyfryl group is thermodynamically unfavorable Four basic steps in b-oxidation Recurring metabolic motifs Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase: an enzyme similar to succinate dehydrogenase The enzyme is located on the inner membrane The product is always trans Complex II succinate dehydrogenase Electron-transferring flavoprotein fig19-8 Enoyl-CoA hydratase: similar to fumarase Always L configuration B-hydroxyl-CoA dehydrogenase: similar to malate dehydrogenase Only use L type of substrate Thiolase b-oxidation challenges monounsaturated FA polyunsaturated FA odd-carbon FA An isomerase is needed for unsaturated b-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids fig17-10 b-oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids fig17-10 A reductase and an isomerase Odd-chain fatty acids yield propionyl CoA Propionyl CoA carboxylase: biotin Mutase the coenzyme B12 reaction box17-2 Ketosis and ketone bodies Synthesis of ketone bodies Ketone bodies can be regarded as a watersoluble, transportable form of acetyl units, provide alternative fuels Ketone bodies are produced in liver and are a major source of energy for some tissues From ketone bodies to acetyl CoA Unselfish liver Diabetes and starvation leads to ketosis