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mutations WHAT?..... DO YOU SEE- WHAT HE SEES? MUTATIONS CHANGE IN DNA DNA ULTIMATELY DIRECTS THE PRODUCTION OF THE PROTEINS THAT AFFECT AN ORGANISMS METABOLISM & DEVELOPMENT. MUTATIONS CAN INVOLVE ENTIRE CHROMOSOMES OR SPECIFIC GENES. Sickle cell anemia, down syndrome gene chromosome Turners syndrome,cystic fibrosis Duchenne muscular dystrophy, hemophilia Somatic mutations: mutations that take place in the body cells DNA , but do not affect their offspring. FYI- albinism can be the result of a somatic or germ-line mutation MORE MUTATION INFO: MUTATIONS CAN TAKE PLACE IN GERM CELLS (SEX CELLS) SUCH AS EGG & SPERM, THEY DO NOT AFFECT THE ORGANISM ITSELF BUT GET PASSED ONTO THE OFFSPRING. SOMATIC MUTATIONS TAKE PLACE IN BODY CELLS AND ARE PASSED ON TO THE DAUGHTER CELLS THROUGH MITOSIS. mutations Majority of mutations are harmful. 3 kinds: deletion- a section of DNA is lost or deleted. insertion- extra base pairs are inserted into a different place on the DNA. substitution – exchanges one base for another such as switching A to G. mutagens Environmental factors that damage DNA. Examples: UV rays, radiation, cigarette, asbestos and certain viruses.