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Warm-Up (1/7) On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question. Describe using representations (model, illustration, diagram, et cetera) three different mechanisms cells use to regulate gene expression. Name Date Period 2E.1b: Induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. 2E.1b.1: Homeotic genes are involved in developmental patterns and sequences. 2E.1b.2: Embryonic induction in development results in the correct timing of events. 3B.2b: Signal transmission within and between cells mediates cell function. Illustrative example: morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. Gene Regulation During Development “Waddington’s Landscape” Timing and coordination of TFs determine embryonic development Gene Regulation During Development For A to become B , blue TF has to be high and green TF has to be low TF concentration time A cell type B Gene Regulation During Development For A cells to become C cells, red TF other A cells must be high, and green TF and blue TF must be low. TF concentration some A cells time A A cell type B C 2E.1b: Induction of transcription factors during development results in sequential gene expression. 2E.1b.1: Homeotic genes are involved in developmental patterns and sequences. 2E.1b.2: Embryonic induction in development results in the correct timing of events. 3B.2b: Signal transmission within and between cells mediates cell function. Illustrative example: morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. Development of Insects and Mammals Mammals Insects Different TFs activate different homeotic genes. Development of Insects and Mammals Mammals Homeotic genes promote formation of different body parts. Insects How? Development of Insects and Mammals Morphogens stimulate different amounts of gene expression. amount of morphogen required gene A gene B morphogen P 2nd messenger gene C gene D Development of Insects and Mammals Morphogens stimulate different amounts of gene expression. amount of ligand Gene expressed What if this was activated in the head? Development of Insects and Mammals Morphogens stimulate different amounts of gene expression. Fly with this much ligand in the head. amount of ligand Gene expressed Fly with this much ligand in the head. Critical Thinking Question #1 Discuss this question with your partner and write or represent it. I will call on three people to share their partners’ answers. Explain how timing and coordination of gene expression during development is regulated by cell signaling. Critical Thinking Question #2 The development of the Drosphila (fruit fly) embryo involves the coordinated expression of many genes. The gene bicoid is a transcriptional repressor of a second gene, giant, and is expressed early at the anterior end of the embryo during development (see diagram below). Explain why it is necessary for bicoid to be expressed early and predict the expression pattern of giant if bicoid expression was prevented in an experiment. Closure On the piece of white paper from the back, answer the following question: How do morphogens affect the spatial (physical) distribution of body parts during development? Name Date Period Scale 1 – 10