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Transcript
For this presentation you will need the following: 1. one pen or pencil 2. one colored pencil or marker All images courtesy of www.cellsalive.com The Cell Theory arose after hundreds of years of observation, and many scientists. A few key scientists involved in the cell theory are Hooke, Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow. Robert Hooke- The first scientist to describe what he saw as “cells” when viewing samples of cork under the microscope in 1665. Nearly 200 years later, Matthias Schleiden viewed living plant specimens under the microscope and discovered they were made up of cells. Around the same time as Schleiden, Theodor Schwann viewed nonliving animal parts under a microscope and realized that they, too were made up of cells. Finally, Rudolf Virchow witnessed cell division under the microscope and learned that all cells arise from preexisting cells. The findings of these scientists, among others, lead to the cell theory, which states: Defined by having a nucleus. Defined by having complex organelles. Plant and animal cells. Defined by NOT having a nucleus Bacteria cells. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain: DNA A cell membrane (protects cell and allows things in and out of the cell). Ribosomes (protein making factories). Cytoplasm (water-based substance inside the cell). These are typically the only similarities between the two different types of cells. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles, a word that literally means “little organ”. Organelles have specific functions that they employ throughout the cell. There are approximately a dozen different organelles! What is it? a large, central membrane-bound organelle which contains D.N.A. Where is it found? All eukaryotic cells! (BOTH plant and animal cells have a nucleus). What does it do? Protects the DNA! What is it? A porous membrane that encases the nucleus. These “nuclear pores” allow certain substances to pass into and out of the nucleus. Where is it found? In all eukaryotic cells; BOTH plant and animal. What does it do? The nuclear envelope protects the nucleus. What is it? A structure contained within the nucleus. Where is it found? Inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. What does it do? It is responsible for making ribosomes. What is it? A tunnel-like network of membranes. Where is it found? Connected to the nucleus and branching out into the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. What does it do? Transfers substances within the cell, as well as many different chemical reactions including protein modification and distribution. ER is like the highway system of the cell! T W O T Y P E S Smooth E.R. (free of ribosomes) Rough E.R. (contains ribosomes) What is it? A membrane-bound organelle, which processes and packages proteins. Where is it found? The cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. What does it do? Acts like a post office by packaging proteins in vesicles and delivering them to other parts of the cell. Vesicles containing proteins exit the Golgi body and are sent to parts of the cell that need them. What are they? Vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes. Where are they found? In all eukaryotic cells. What do they do? Break down old cell parts and fight off invading bacteria. *Peroxisomes are identical to lysosomes, except they contain hydrogen peroxide. What is it? A unique, double membrane-bound organelle, which contains its own DNA. Where is it found? All eukaryotic cells. www.cellsalive.com What does it do? Generates A.T.P. (cellular energy) Mitochondria have two membranes; an inner and an outer. Unique because these organelles have their own DNA (known as Eve’s DNA). Vacuoles differ among plant and animal cells. PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS There is ONE, LARGE central vacuole. The central vacuole of plants stores water and nutrients, and also aids in cellular digestion. There are multiple, small vacuoles. www.cellsalive.com The vacuoles of animal cells do not store water or nutrients, but rather waste as they aid in cellular digestion. What are they? Small membrane bound sacs. Where are they found? Eukaryotic Cells What do they do? Transport various items around the cell. Cytoskeleton: A network of protein fibers which help the organelles and cell move, and assist in cell division. The cytoskeleton maintains cell shape, as the name implies. The main components of the cytoskeleton: -microtubules -actin filaments (or microfilaments) -intermediate fibers What are they? Small tubular structures made up of protein filaments; part of the cytoskeleton. Where are they found? All eukaryotic cells. What do they do? www.cellsalive.com Help move proteins and vesicles throughout the cell. What are they? Nine triplets of microtubules. Where are they found? IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY! What do they do? Assist during nuclear division. What are they? Membrane-bound organelles that contain light-absorbing pigments. Where are they found? PLANT cells only! What do they do? Harvest energy from the sun for photosynthesis. What is it? A structure consisting of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane. Where is it found? Within eukaryotes the cell wall is ONLY found in plant cells, however all prokaryotes also have a cell wall. What does it do? Protects the cell and maintains homeostasis. © 2010 www.biology-roots.com (Vanessa Jason) For single classroom use only. Not to be publicly or electronically displayed. Images used WITH permission www.cells-alive.com