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Name _ KEY____________________________ Date _________ Class ________ Cell Structure and Function All living things are composed of cells. The cell is the basic structural unit of all life. All organisms are made up of cells and all the substances of an organism are products of the cell. More than three hundred years ago an English scientists by the name of __Robert Hooke _________ (1635-1703) observed some thin slices of cork. In Hooke’s report, Micrographia, he described what he had seen through his microscope. Hooke said that the cork was a mass of “_Tiny Cavities____”. Each cavity was surrounded by walls which reminded him of a __Bee’s Honeycomb__, so he called these structures cells. It was not until the early 1800’s that the first specific ideas about cells were presented. In 1831, a British botanist, _Robert Brown______, observed a cell structure he called the _Nucleus____________. In 1831, a French biologist, Dujardin (Doo-Zhar-Dan), was observing living cells and found the substance we now call the protoplasm. In 1839, two German biologists, Matthias Schleiden (Shly-den) and Theodore Schwann (Shvahn), along with the help of many other scientists, developed what we now call the “_Cell Theory____”. The Cell theory 1. All plants and animals are composed of cells and cell parts.________ 2. All life functions are performed by individual cells or group of cells.___ 3. Cells come from other cells by reproduction.______________________ Levels of Organization Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Name _ KEY____________________________ Date _________ Class ________ Definition of a Cell Smallest unit that is capable of performing LIFE functions Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Cell 1. Do NOT have structures surrounded by membranes and do NOT contain a Nucleus Eukaryotic Cell 1. Structures are surrounded by membrane and has a nucleus 2. Many internal structures 2. Few internal structures 3. One-celled organisms a. Ex: bacteria 3. Multi-cellular organisms a. Ex: humans, plants, animals Name _ KEY____________________________ Date _________ Cell Organelles Surrounding the Cell: 1. Cell Membrane Outer membrane of the cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer Found in both plant and animal cells 2. Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells and bacterial cells Supports, protects and gives shape to the cell Inside the Cell: 3. Nucleus Brain of the cell Directs all the cell activities Surrounded by a nuclear membrane Contains genetic material 4. Nucleolus Located inside the nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins Class ________ Name _ KEY____________________________ Date _________ 5. Chromosomes Genetic “CODE” material 6. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds the nucleus Opening allows material to enter and leave the nucleus 7. Cytoplasm Jelly-like material substance Surrounded by cell membrane Chemical reactions within the cell take place here 8. Lysosomes Garbage truck Picks up waste and transports it to the cell membrane for removal 9. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) The “HIGHWAY” Transports cell substances Smooth ER: no ribosome’s Rough ER: contains ribosome’s Class ________ Name _ KEY____________________________ Date _________ 10. Ribosome Make proteins (RIB=Protein) Found on the ER or within the cytoplasm Each cell contains thousands RIBS (meat) Protein 11. Mitochondria “POWERHOUSE” of the cell Produces energy through digestion Recycles and decomposes food of cells 12. Golgi Bodies Stores and releases chemical in the cell Moves materials within the cell and Out of the cell 13. Vacuole Water Storage Sac for storage of water Larger in plant cells than animal cells 14. Chloroplast Where photosynthesis takes place in the plant cell Chloroplast is made up of chlorophyll Class ________ Name _ KEY____________________________ Date _________ Class ________ Questions: 1. Describe the four ways plant cells differ from animal cells. Plant cells contain chloroplast Plant cells contain a cell wall Plant cell has a larger vacuole Shape: animal cell round, plant cell square 2. Identify the cells below as, plant or animal cell. Animal Plant Name _ KEY____________________________ Date _________ Class ________ Processes of life 1. Nutrition: Cells need food for energy and use it as building materials within the cells. Some cells produce their own food (autotrophs) while others take food from the environment (heterotrophs). 2. Digestion: Foods must be broken down into simpler substances in order for the cells to use them. 3. Absorption: Cells absorb water, food materials, and other materials from the environment. 4. Biosynthesis: The process by which cells organize substances. Biosynthesis is necessary for growth and for the production of special substances, called enzymes that control cell activity. 5. Respiration: Chemical energy is releases when certain substances in the cell are broken down apart. This energy is necessary for all cell activities. 6. Excretion: The process by which wastes materials are passed from inside the cell to the surrounding environment. 7. Secretion: When cells pass off certain substances, these substances affect the activities of other cells. 8. Response: Cells respond to changes in their environment such as heat, light, and pressure. 9. Reproduction: Cells split into two identical parts from time to time to produce more cells within an organism or to produce new organisms.