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Gene Expression Proteins A biologist’s designer genes! A.K.A. The Central Dogma Gene Expression & Technology Vocabulary 1. Ribonucleic acid 2. Uracil 3. Gene expression 4. Transcription 5. Translation 6. RNA polymerase 7. Promoter 8. Terminator 9. Messenger RNA 10.Transfer RNA 11.Ribosomal RNA 12.Codons 13.Genetic code 2 14.Anticodon 15.A site 16.P site 17.Mutagens 18.Carcinogens 19.Cancer 20.Tumor 21.Oncogene 22.Genetic engineering 23.Recombinant DNA Gene Expression How is the information in DNA used to determine an organism’s characteristics? Transcribe and Translate a Gene: The DNA that makes up the human______ can be subdivided into information bytes called ___________. Each gene encodes a unique _______ that performs a specialized function. Cells use the ______-step process of transcription and translation to read each _______ and produce the string of _________ ________ that makes up a protein. Rules are laid out by the universal ___________ Code. 3 How do you build a protein? 1. Transcription 1st step: In the nucleolus the cells machinery copies the gene sequence into __________ RNA (mRNA), a molecule that is _________ to DNA. Like DNA, mRNA has ______-nucleotide bases-but mRNA, the base uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) Creating new strands: GGTATCGATTGG Complimentary: ________________ RNA: __________________ DNA vs. RNA DNA RNA 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. RNA polymerase: RNA 3 Types: Messenger RNA (mRNA): Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Transfer RNA (tRNA): Genetic Code: After transcription the _______ material message is ready to be translated from the _________________ of RNA to the language of proteins. The instructions for building a protein are written as a series of _______ nucleotide sequences called __________. 2. Translation 2nd step: The protein making machinery, called the ___________, reads the mRNA sequence and translates it into the ________ _______ sequence of the protein. The ribosome starts at the sequence _______, and then reads 3 nucleotides at a time. Each 3-nucleotide codon specifies a particular amino __________. The “stop” ________ (UAA, UAG, and UGA) tell the ribosome that the protein is complete. Draw out the overview of the whole process: Decoding the Genetic Code Background: Keratin is one of the proteins in hair. The gene for keratin is transcribed and translated by certain skin cells. The series of letters below represents the sequence of nucleotides in a portion of an mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene for keratin. This mRNA strand and the genetic code in the table below can be used to determine some of the amino acids in keratin. mRNA Segment 4 Analysis 1. Determine the sequence of amino acids that will result from the translation of the segment of mRNA above. _______________________________________________________________ 2. Determine the anticodon of each tRNA molecule that will bind to this mRNA segment. _______________________________________________________________ 3. Determine the sequence of nucleotides in the segment of DNA from which the mRNA strand was transcribed. _______________________________________________________________ 4. Determine the sequence of nucleotides in the segment of DNA that is complimentary to the DNA segment described in tem 3. _______________________________________________________________ Gene Review: 1. A gene is a. a set of instructions for each trait b. instructions on how to make a protein c. a portion of a strand of DNA d. All of the above 2. Which of the following is not a step in making a protein? a. Copies of DNA are taken into the cytoplasm 5 b. Transfer molecules deliver amino acids to the nucleus c. Amino acids are joined together at the ribosome to make a protein d. A copy of DNA is fed through the ribosome 3. The code for a given amino acid consists of _______ base (s). a. One c. three b. Two d. four 4. Genetic Engineering is currently used to a. genetically alter plants c. manufacture proteins b. repair damaged genes d. All of the above 5. If a human being has about 30,000 genes and there are about 30,000 bases in each human gene, about how many bases are in all the genes? a. 9,000 c. 900,000 b. 90,000 d. 900,000,000 6. A gene consists of a string of a. amino acids b. proteins c. bases d. ribosomes 7. The human body contains about 50,000 different kinds of ____, which are made of amino acids. a. bases b. genes c. traits d. proteins 8. The "factory" through which the "protein assembly line" is fed is the a. cell wall c. nucleus b. ribosome d. cell membrane 9. In order to make a protein, extra amino acids must be brought from the ____ to join with the complementary copy of the DNA strand. a. cytoplasm c. nucleus b. ribosome d. cell membrane Topic 1: Mutations 6 Topic 2: Cancer 7 Topic 3: Genetic Topic 4: Application of DNA Topic 5: Human Genome 8 9