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Gene Expression
Proteins
A biologist’s designer genes!
A.K.A. The Central Dogma
Gene Expression & Technology Vocabulary
1. Ribonucleic acid
2. Uracil
3. Gene expression
4. Transcription
5. Translation
6. RNA polymerase
7. Promoter
8. Terminator
9. Messenger RNA
10.Transfer RNA
11.Ribosomal RNA
12.Codons
13.Genetic code
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14.Anticodon
15.A site
16.P site
17.Mutagens
18.Carcinogens
19.Cancer
20.Tumor
21.Oncogene
22.Genetic engineering
23.Recombinant DNA
Gene Expression
How is the information in DNA used to determine an organism’s characteristics?
Transcribe and Translate a Gene:
 The DNA that makes up the human______ can be subdivided into information
bytes called ___________. Each gene encodes a unique _______ that performs a
specialized function.
 Cells use the ______-step process of transcription and translation to read each
_______ and produce the string of _________ ________ that makes up a protein.
Rules are laid out by the universal ___________ Code.
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How do you build a protein?
1. Transcription 1st step: In the nucleolus the cells machinery copies the gene sequence into
__________ RNA (mRNA), a molecule that is _________ to DNA. Like DNA, mRNA
has ______-nucleotide bases-but mRNA, the base uracil (U) replaces thymine (T)
 Creating new strands: GGTATCGATTGG
Complimentary:
________________
RNA:
__________________
DNA vs. RNA
DNA
RNA
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
RNA polymerase:
RNA
3 Types:
Messenger RNA (mRNA):
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA):
Transfer RNA (tRNA):
Genetic Code: After transcription the _______ material message is ready to be translated from the
_________________ of RNA to the language of proteins. The instructions for building a protein
are written as a series of _______ nucleotide sequences called __________.
2. Translation 2nd step: The protein making machinery, called the ___________, reads the
mRNA sequence and translates it into the ________ _______ sequence of the protein.
The ribosome starts at the sequence _______, and then reads 3 nucleotides at a time.
Each 3-nucleotide codon specifies a particular amino __________. The “stop” ________
(UAA, UAG, and UGA) tell the ribosome that the protein is complete.
Draw out the overview of the whole process:
Decoding the Genetic Code
Background: Keratin is one of the proteins in hair. The gene for keratin is transcribed
and translated by certain skin cells. The series of letters below represents the sequence
of nucleotides in a portion of an mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene for keratin.
This mRNA strand and the genetic code in the table below can be used to determine
some of the amino acids in keratin.
mRNA Segment
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Analysis
1. Determine the sequence of amino acids that will result from the translation of the
segment of mRNA above.
_______________________________________________________________
2. Determine the anticodon of each tRNA molecule that will bind to this mRNA
segment.
_______________________________________________________________
3. Determine the sequence of nucleotides in the segment of DNA from which the
mRNA strand was transcribed.
_______________________________________________________________
4. Determine the sequence of nucleotides in the segment of DNA that is
complimentary to the DNA segment described in tem 3.
_______________________________________________________________
Gene Review:
1.
A gene is
a. a set of instructions for each trait
b. instructions on how to make a protein
c. a portion of a strand of DNA
d. All of the above
2.
Which of the following is not a step in making a protein?
a. Copies of DNA are taken into the cytoplasm
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b. Transfer molecules deliver amino acids to the nucleus
c. Amino acids are joined together at the ribosome to make a protein
d. A copy of DNA is fed through the ribosome
3.
The code for a given amino acid consists of _______ base (s).
a. One
c. three
b. Two
d. four
4.
Genetic Engineering is currently used to
a. genetically alter plants
c. manufacture proteins
b. repair damaged genes
d. All of the above
5.
If a human being has about 30,000 genes and there are about 30,000 bases in each
human gene, about how many bases are in all the genes?
a. 9,000
c. 900,000
b. 90,000
d. 900,000,000
6. A gene consists of a string of
a. amino acids
b. proteins
c. bases
d. ribosomes
7. The human body contains about 50,000 different kinds of ____, which are made of
amino acids.
a. bases
b. genes
c. traits
d. proteins
8. The "factory" through which the "protein assembly line" is fed is the
a. cell wall
c. nucleus
b. ribosome
d. cell membrane
9. In order to make a protein, extra amino acids must be brought from the ____ to join with
the complementary copy of the DNA strand.
a. cytoplasm
c. nucleus
b. ribosome
d. cell membrane
Topic 1: Mutations
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Topic 2: Cancer
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Topic 3: Genetic
Topic 4: Application of DNA
Topic 5: Human Genome
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