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GENETIC ENGINEERING SELECTIVE BREEDING: SELECTIVE BREEDING: • Allow only those with desired traits to reproduce • After many generations, only desired traits will be in individuals • Ex: Dogs, Cows • Sometimes favorable mutations arise (Ex: Missing Growth Inhibiting gene in Belgian Blue Cows) BELGIAN BLUE VIDEO INBREEDING: • The continued breeding of individuals with similar traits • Pros: Have individuals with desired traits • Cons: Little genetic diversity (Increase chance of genetic disease) – Ex: Labs & Hips WAYS TO INCREASE VARIATION: • Use chemicals/radiation to create mutations (new genes) • Ex: Create bacteria that can eat oil Culture these ones How to Create Bigger, Better Plants: HYBRIDIZATION • Crossing 2 dissimilar individuals to create a blend of the 2 (must be closely related, especially in animals) • Most Animal Hybrids are sterile (Ex: Mules & Ligers) • Liger Video • Top 10 Hybrid Examples Steps of DNA GEL ELECTROPHORESIS 1. Extract DNA using chemicals 2. Cut DNA with Restriction Enzymes (they cut DNA at a specific sequence) • Base sequences in MOST genes are similar with all humans. • The “junk” DNA between genes, however, is unique for an individual. • Because everyone’s DNA is different between genes, restriction enzymes will cut everybody’s DNA at DIFFERENT places 3. Place sample of DNA on electrophoresis gel & run an electric current through it. Since DNA has neg. charge, it goes to pos. end • Bigger pieces of DNA move more slowly than smaller pieces • The pattern formed is unique to an individual • Pattern formed is called “Banding Pattern” GEL ELECTROPHORESIS & DNA FINGERPRINGTING • Suspect B committed crime • ½ of banding patterns will match mom, ½ will match dad Man 1 is the father Gel Electrophoresis Animation PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Used to copy all or part of DNA PCR is used to take a small sample of DNA & make that sample large enough to be usable in a lab. STEPS: 1. Make PRIMERS – short sequence of bases needed for DNA Polymerase to start working (complementary to first 20-30 bases of DNA) 2. Add Primers, Nucleotides, and DNA Polymerase 3. Heat DNA This separates 1 piece of DNA into 2 single strands 4. Let Cool As it cools, Primer joins to start of each single strand of DNA. Now DNA Polymerase can add bases Primer New DNA DNA Polymerase Overview Original DNA Now have 2 pieces of DNA 5. Repeat Many Times Link to Virtual PCR Lab How to Sequence DNA 1. 2. 3. Add Single-Strand of DNA with an unknown sequence (order of nucleotides) Add nucleotides (A,G,C,T) Add a small amount of nucleotides that have chemical dyes attached (Each type of nucleotide has a different color). 5. 6. Add DNA Polymerase. It will start adding bases using the unknown strand as a template. Every time a nucleotide with a dye is used the newly forming strand falls off the template strand. This means there will be many strands of varying length. Each of these pieces will have a different color dye. Place all of the pieces in DNA GelElectrophoresis. The pieces will separate based on length. Because the last nucleotide added to each length has a different color, we can tell the order of nucleotides. Link to Sanger’s DNA Sequencing Transgenics Transgenics Taking the gene from 1 organism and putting into another organism Recombinant DNA DNA that has a piece of DNA from another organism Foreign DNA Making Insulin Diabetes A condition where a person can’t produce insulin Making Insulin 1. Cut insulin gene out of human DNA using restriction enzyme 2. Cut open the DNA of an E. Coli cell with SAME R. Enzyme Cut Open 3. Insert Gene into Open Plasmid Insulin Gene 4. Use Ligase to “glue” gene in place 5. Incubate e-coli. Every time they divide, they divide their DNA along with the human gene. Bacteria will produce insulin from the inserted gene.