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GENETIC ENGINEERING
SELECTIVE BREEDING:
SELECTIVE BREEDING:
• Allow only those with desired traits to
reproduce
• After many generations, only desired traits will
be in individuals
• Ex: Dogs, Cows
• Sometimes favorable mutations arise (Ex:
Missing Growth Inhibiting gene in Belgian Blue
Cows)
BELGIAN BLUE VIDEO
INBREEDING:
• The continued breeding of individuals with
similar traits
• Pros: Have individuals with desired traits
• Cons: Little genetic diversity (Increase chance
of genetic disease)
– Ex: Labs & Hips
WAYS TO INCREASE VARIATION:
• Use chemicals/radiation to create mutations
(new genes)
• Ex: Create bacteria that can eat oil
Culture these ones
How to Create Bigger, Better Plants:
HYBRIDIZATION
• Crossing 2 dissimilar individuals to create a blend of
the 2 (must be closely related, especially in animals)
• Most Animal Hybrids are sterile (Ex: Mules & Ligers)
• Liger Video
• Top 10 Hybrid Examples
Steps of
DNA GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
1. Extract DNA using chemicals
2. Cut DNA with Restriction Enzymes (they cut
DNA at a specific sequence)
• Base sequences in MOST genes are similar
with all humans.
• The “junk” DNA between genes, however, is
unique for an individual.
• Because everyone’s DNA is different between
genes, restriction enzymes will cut
everybody’s DNA at DIFFERENT places
3. Place sample of DNA on electrophoresis gel
& run an electric current through it. Since
DNA has neg. charge, it goes to pos. end
• Bigger pieces of DNA
move more slowly
than smaller pieces
• The pattern formed
is unique to an
individual
• Pattern formed is
called “Banding
Pattern”
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS & DNA
FINGERPRINGTING
• Suspect B committed crime
• ½ of banding patterns will match mom, ½ will
match dad
Man 1 is the father
Gel Electrophoresis Animation
PCR (Polymerase Chain
Reaction)
 Used

to copy all or part of DNA
PCR is used to take a small sample of DNA
& make that sample large enough to be
usable in a lab.
STEPS:
1. Make PRIMERS – short sequence
of bases needed for DNA
Polymerase to start working
(complementary to first 20-30 bases
of DNA)
2. Add Primers, Nucleotides, and
DNA Polymerase
3. Heat DNA
This separates 1 piece of DNA into 2
single strands
4. Let Cool
As it cools, Primer joins to start of each
single strand of DNA. Now DNA
Polymerase can add bases
Primer
New DNA
DNA
Polymerase
Overview
Original DNA
Now have 2 pieces
of DNA
5. Repeat Many Times
Link to Virtual PCR Lab
How to Sequence DNA
1.
2.
3.
Add Single-Strand of DNA with an
unknown sequence (order of nucleotides)
Add nucleotides (A,G,C,T)
Add a small amount of nucleotides that
have chemical dyes attached (Each type
of nucleotide has a different color).
5.
6.
Add DNA Polymerase. It will start adding
bases using the unknown strand as a
template. Every time a nucleotide with a dye
is used the newly forming strand falls off the
template strand. This means there will be
many strands of varying length. Each of these
pieces will have a different color dye.
Place all of the pieces in DNA GelElectrophoresis. The pieces will separate
based on length. Because the last nucleotide
added to each length has a different color, we
can tell the order of nucleotides.
Link to Sanger’s DNA Sequencing
Transgenics
Transgenics
Taking the gene from 1 organism and
putting into another organism
Recombinant DNA
DNA that has a piece of DNA from
another organism
Foreign DNA
Making Insulin
Diabetes
A condition where a person can’t
produce insulin
Making Insulin
1.
Cut insulin gene out of human
DNA using restriction enzyme
2. Cut open the DNA of an E. Coli
cell with SAME R. Enzyme
Cut Open
3. Insert Gene into Open Plasmid
Insulin Gene
4. Use Ligase to “glue” gene in
place
5. Incubate e-coli. Every time
they divide, they divide their
DNA along with the human
gene. Bacteria will produce
insulin from the inserted gene.