Download Vocabulary from the 1 st 6 weeks

Vocabulary from the 1st 6 weeks:
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TEK 7.6C Identify that organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen as the important two
elements. But you will also typically find Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur attached to the
molecule as well.
Organic: The ‘ic’ ending makes it an adjective describing a kind of compound. Organic means you are
discussing living things (organisms). So, organic compounds are what make up organisms. Even after the
organism dies, the compounds are still organic and can be recycled by other organisms.
Inorganic: Compounds that do not have hydrogen and carbon bonded together. Example: SiO2 – Silicon
dioxide is common sand. Sand is a mineral but not an organic compound.
TEK 6.5C: Differentiate between Elements and Compounds.
Compounds: Compounds are two elements bonded together (actually, two or more). When elements
bond together, they will be something totally different from the elements they are made of. Hydrogen
and Oxygen are gasses. If you put them together and then use a spark, they will combine and release a
lot of energy (explosion) and what is left behind is water (H2O). Water is totally different from Hydrogen
or Oxygen.
Elements: Elements are atoms with names. Atom is a generic term. Hydrogen is a specific name, so
Hydrogen is an Element. The sugar (glucose) molecule is described as C6 H12 O6 . It is made of 24 atoms
(add up the small numbers) but only 3 elements (C H & O).
Generic: a term that means ‘in general’…. or, not named.
Chemical formula: A chemical formula uses the symbols of elements along with numbers of each
element. It is a code (language) that speeds up discussions where scientists (and students) are using
Elements and Compounds. Example: H2O This codes says that there is a compound made of two
Hydrogens attached to an Oxygen atom. The glucose compound (C6 H12 O6 ) is written this way because
it is much faster than saying “6 Carbon atoms bonded to 12 Hydrogen atoms and those bonded
to 6 Oxygens”.
TEK 7.12D Differentiate between structure and function in plant and animal cells. These organelles are
to be studied in particular…….. cell wall, vacuole, nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplasts
and cytoplasm.
Organelle: Organelle is a term that lumps together all of the pieces inside the cell. Examples of
organelles are underlined in the sections below.
Cellulose: Cellulose is the chemical that makes the cell wall. We call it “wood”. Cellulose is made of
fibers that cross over each other to make a mat.
Structure: Plant cells have a cell wall that surrounds the cell. This gives the plant the strength and
support that it needs. To help cell wall is the vacuole, a large pocket of mostly water enclosed in a
membrane. This exerts pressure on the cell wall to give additional strength.
Function: Chloroplast is an organelle where sugar is made during photosynthesis (found only in plants).
Mitochondria are the furnaces where fuel is burned…. Here’s what that means. The fuel is sugar. The
heat generated from breaking down the sugar helps the cell to do its work. Plant cells are not very busy
so they have only a few mitochondria. Animal cells are more active and have more mitochondria to
supply all the energy needed. The nucleus is the control center of every eukaryotic cell( cells with a
nucleus). It sends chemical signals to the organelles in the cell to make sure the cell is doing its job
correctly. Cytoplasm is the fluid in the whole cell. The organelles are “floating” in this liquid. This liquid
makes it easy to move chemicals all through the cell. Cell membrane: ANY membrane is like an
envelope, it contains what is inside. Both Plant and Animal cells have a membrane but so do most of the
organelles inside of each cell.
Pores: Pores are small openings (doorways) in membranes. There have to be openings so nutrients can
get inside the cell and waste can move outside. The membranes around organelles also have pores for
the same reason.
CELL THEORY: Big thought here….guaranteed test item.
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. All cells come from previously existing cells.
3. Cells are the smallest unit of a living organism. (but they are complicated and made of millions of
atoms)
CELLS… The Big Picture: Every cell has a job to do. The particular job of any cell requires the
coordinated effort of each organelle in the cell.
Proteins do the work of the cell. Proteins are built in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) based on chemical
signals sent from the nucleus to the Golgi Body and then to the ER. All chemicals are routed through the
Cytoplasm. This liquid is a great way to move materials easily. The cell membrane allows nutrients into
the cell so that they can be used by the various organelles. Mitochondria need the glucose and oxygen
to generate the heat energy needed for the building of proteins and any other needs (like muscles
contracting). Heat and waste migrate through the cytoplasm and then out through the pores in the cell
membrane. Vacuoles serve as storerooms for nutrients and even the temporary storage of waste.
TEK 7.12 E Compare the functions of a cell to the functions of an organism such as waste removal.
What do organisms and cells have in common. They both need nutrients. They both are able to use the
energy in the nutrients to do work (survive). And, knowing that using energy creates waste, organisms
and cells have to be able to eliminate waste.
Heat is a form of waste.
TEK 7.7C Demonstrate and illustrate forces that affect motion in everyday life such as the emergence of
seedlings, turgor pressure and geotropism.
Turgor Pressure: Plants create pressure inside their cells by inflating Vacuoles with water. This force is
used to push roots deeper into soil or to push the new growth up to the surface. Once the plant is
established, turgor pressure helps the plant to maintain its shape.
Geotropism: Plants know which way is up because they can sense gravity and respond to it. So
geotropism helps plants grow straight or to resume growing straight after some force (like the wind) has
tilted them over.
7.13A Investigate how organisms respond to external stimuli found in the environment such as
phototropism and ‘fight or flight’.
Phototropism: A plant uses light for photosynthesis so it needs to be able to sense the light and respond
to it.
Adrenalin: A chemical released into the body in emergency (life-threatening) situations. It is a response
to physical danger in mammals. But all organisms respond to danger in one way or another.
7.13B: Describe and relate responses in organisms that may result from internal stimuli such as wilting
in plants or perhaps fever or vomiting in animals. These are responses designed to give the organism a
chance to recover from stresses of one kind or another.
Wilting: When a plant is not getting enough water, it will draw water from its vacuoles which can cause
it to sag or curl up.
7.5A Recognize that radiant energy from the sun is transformed into chemical energy through the
process of photosynthesis.
Transform: Means changes from one form to another. The energy contained in sunlight is absorbed
and used by chloroplasts to build sugar molecules. Sugar (glucose) is a form of stored chemical energy.
Photosynthesis: Synthesis means “to make”. Photo means light. So plants make glucose from light.