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Download Recall basic cell physiology
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(a) Chemical level: a molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell (b) Cellular level: a cell in the stomach lining (c) Tissue level: layers of tissue in the stomach wall (d) Organ level: the stomach (e) Body system level: the digestive system Recall basic cell physiology This class I will assume you know the basic functions of these structures: Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi Peroxisomes Lysosomes Mitochondria Basic structure of the plasma membrane (f) Organism level Gazing into a cell…. Peroxisome Nucleus Cristae Lysosome Golgi 1 Glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen Yet, aerobic respiration yields more energy from glucose and occurs in the mitochondria Chemical reactions for energy Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Electron transport chain Making ATP First, glycolysis – then either: Aerobic Pathway Anaerobic Pathway Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Fermentation Cytosol 2 Pyruvate Within the mitochondria... Acetyl-CoA Pyruvate enters mitochondria Citric Acid Cycle matrix Electron Transport Inner membrane (cristae) Citric Acid CO2 (or Krebs) Cycle ATP Where does weight ‘go’ when someone loses weight? CO2 Electron Transport Chain High energy electrons taken from hydrogen are transferred through a series of carriers on inner membrane ATP Synthase w/in cristae 32 ATP formed 3 Free radicals from ETC A by-product of ETC is the production of abnormal versions of O2 (O2-, O2--) These molecules are highly reactive and produce “free radicals”, which contribute to aging and some diseases. Energy Harvest Glycolysis (from one glucose) 2 ATP Anaerobic conditions 2 NADH (makes 4 ATP in ETC) Citric Acid Cycle 2 ATP plus NADH, FADH2 for ETC Electron Transport Chain 28 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation Aerobic conditions 4 Lactic acid myth Lactic acid (really lactate) isn’t the cause of muscle fatigue and soreness Lactate threshold Interval training uses periods of training above and below the L threshold. High intensity portions stimulate your body to produce enzymes that speed the use of lactate fuel (MCT1 carrier protein) Lactate leaves muscle, enters blood and is used elsewhere for ATP production (using O2) oligosaccharide groups phospholipid cholesterol Plasma membrane of cells EXTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT (cytoskeletal proteins beneath the plasma membrane) ADHESION PROTEIN open channel protein gated channel protein (open) gated channel protein (closed) TRANSPORT PROTEINS active transport protein RECEPTOR PROTEIN RECOGNITION PROTEIN CYTOPLASM Receptor sites (ex: endocrine sites) Cell adhesion (CAM) grips neighbor cell Channels for ions, small molecules Carrier proteins Attach to cytoskeleton 5 Membrane receptors 2nd messenger system Binding to the receptor will: Open or close channels for ions (Na+, K+, Ca++) Transfer a signal to 2nd messenger to trigger events in the cell will activate an enzyme Other cell adhesions Extracellular matrix - Biological “glue.” 3 protein fibers are interwoven in this matrix: collagen, elastin, fibronectin. Secreted by cells Desmosomes – “Rivets” to anchor adjacent cells that are not touching Other cell adhesions Tight junctions – Epithelium cells form tight seal at points of contact Gap junctions - Small tunnels connect cells 6 transport protein with binding site for a specific substance (the solute) Passive transport (facilitated diffusion) open channel proteins gated channel proteins protein has 2 different conformations transport protein high solute concentration Membrane (permeable to water only) Side 1 Concentration gradient Side 2 Solute can’t move to side 1 down its gradient but water moves H2O phosphorylation required Active Transport Side 1 Direction of transport Side 2 Water and solute concentrations now equal 7 Membrane (permeable to H2O) Side 1 Solute can’t move to side 1 down its gradient Side 2 H2O Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic Pure water Gradients still exist Osmosis is balanced by hydrostatic pressure Side 1 Side 2 Hydrostatic (fluid) pressure difference Osmosis Hydrostatic pressure 8