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Cell structure AS Biology 1 Cell structure Learning Objectives 1. Give the function and cellular location of the following basic eukaryotic organelles and structures: cell membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and cell walls. 2. A micrometer is one-millionth of a meter long. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter long. How many micrometers tall are you? 3. Describe the function of the nuclear envelope and nucleolus. 4. Describe the details of the structure of the chloroplast, the site of photosynthesis. 5. Mature, living plant cells often have a large, fluid-filled central vacuole that can store amino acids, sugars, ions, and toxic wastes. Animal cells generally lack large vacuoles. How do animal cells perform these functions? 6. Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments are all main components of the cytoskeleton. 7. Flagella and cilia propel eukaryotic cells through their environment; the microtubule organization in these organelles is a 9+2 array. AS Biology 2 Cell size AS Biology 3 Animal cell AS Biology 4 Liver Cell AS Biology 5 Plant cell AS Biology 6 Lily parenchyma cell AS Biology 7 Cell membrane AS Biology 8 Cell membrane AS Biology 9 Nucleus AS Biology 10 Nucleus AS Biology 11 Nuclear pores AS Biology 12 Nuclear pores AS Biology 13 mitochondria AS Biology 14 mitochondria AS Biology 15 Endoplasmic reticulum AS Biology 16 Endoplasmic reticulum AS Biology 17 Ribosomes AS Biology 18 Ribosome units AS Biology 19 Golgi apparatus AS Biology 20 Golgi AS Biology 21 AS Biology 22 Lysosome AS Biology 23 Microtubules, cytoskeleton AS Biology 24 cilia AS Biology 25 Cilia and flagella microtubule arrangement 9+2 AS Biology 26 Movement of cilia and flagella AS Biology 27 pseudopodia AS Biology 28 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Review Questions There are ____ micrometers (µm) in one millimeter (mm). a) 1; b) 10; c) 100; d) 1000; e) 1/1000 Human cells have a size range between ___ and ___ micrometers (µm). a) 10-100; b) 1-10; c) 100-1000; d) 1/101/1000 Chloroplasts and bacteria are ___ in size. a) similar; b) at different ends of the size range; c) exactly the same; d) none of these. The plasma membrane does all of these except ______. a) contains the hereditary material; b) acts as a boundary or border for the cytoplasm; c) regulates passage of material in and out of the cell; d) functions in the recognition of self Which of these materials is not a major component of the plasma membrane? a) phospholipids; b) glycoproteins; c) proteins; d) DNA Cells walls are found in members of these kingdoms, except for ___, which all lack cell walls. a) plants; b) animals; c) bacteria; d) fungi The polysaccharide ___ is a major component of plan cell walls. a) chitin; b) peptidoglycan; c) cellulose; d) mannitol; e) cholesterol Plant cells have ___ and ___, which are not present in animal cells. a) mitochondria, chloroplasts; b) cell membranes, cell walls; c) chloroplasts, nucleus; d) chloroplasts, cell wall The ___ is the membrane enclosed structure in eukaryotic cells that contains the DNA of the cell. a) mitochondrion; b) chloroplast; c) nucleolus; d) nucleus Ribosomes are constructed in the ___. a) endoplasmic reticulum; b) nucleoid; c) nucleolus; d) nuclear pore Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the area in a cell where ___ are synthesized. a) polysaccharides; b) proteins; c) lipids; d) DNA The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the area in a cell where ___ are synthesized. a) polysaccharides; b) proteins; c) lipids; d) DNA The mitochondrion functions in ____. a) lipid storage; b) protein synthesis; c) photosynthesis; d) DNA replication; e) ATP synthesis The thin extensions of the inner mitochondrial membrane are known as _____. a) cristae; b) matrix; c) thylakoids; d) stroma The chloroplast functions in ____. a) lipid storage; b) protein synthesis; c) photosynthesis; d) DNA replication; e) ATP synthesis Which of these cellular organelles have their own DNA? a) chloroplast; b) nucleus; c) mitochondrion; d) all of these The theory of ___ was proposed to explain the possible origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria. a) evolution; b) endosymbiosis; c) endocytosis; d) cells Long, whiplike microfibrils that facilitate movement cells are known as ___. a) cilia; b) flagella; c) leather;29 d) AS by Biology pseudopodia