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Genetics The study of heredity polydactyly Heredity • The passing on of traits (characteristics) from parents to offspring China McClain & sisters (Ant Farm) Examples of Traits Hair color Eye color Ability to roll your tongue Height Intelligence Mid-digital hair Attachment of ear lobe Ability to taste bitter • Traits are controlled by genes …. so then what are genes? – Gene • Controls how an organism develops • It is a specific segment of DNA located on a chromosome • Each trait has two alleles …. so then what are alleles? – Allele • Different forms of the same gene • How are genes passed on? By your parents in reprododo Alleles • Dominant allele – Produces a trait that is observed in the offspring whenever present – Represented with an uppercase letter • Recessive allele – produces a trait that is observed in the offspring only if both alleles are recessive. – Otherwise, the trait disappears – Represented with a lowercase letter --The separation of alleles during meiosis to form gametes. ( Sex cells: egg/sperm) • The law of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate or switch independently during the formation of gamates. For example: • Eye Color – Dominant Color: Brown = B – Recessive Color : Blue = b • One allele from each parent because two alleles form a trait, therefore… BB bb Bb Brown Blue Brown • Phenotype – The way an organism looks (physical) For example: BB Phenotype: Brown bb Bb Blue Brown • Genotype – The gene combination of an organism (genes) 1.Homozygous (same) • If the two alleles of a trait are the same (BB or bb) 2.Heterozygous (one of each) • If the two alleles for a trait are different (Bb) For example: BB Genotype: Homozygous Dominant bb Bb Homozygous recessive Heterozygous How did we figure this stuff out?! • Gregor Mendel was a monk from Austria born in 1822 • He made observations of his father’s orchard and decided he could predict the kinds of flowers a plant could produce…if he knew something about the parent plants. • After 8 years of carefully carrying out the scientific method, Mendel wrote a paper about inheritance in pea plants. Traits of Pea Plants Punnett Square Diagram used to predict genetic crosses. Individuals with identical alleles are called homozygous. Individuals with different alleles are called heterozygous. Phenotype-physical characteristics Genotype-genetic makeup How to use a Punnett Square -choose a letter to represent the alleles in the cross -write the genotypes of the parents -determine the possible gametes (reproductive cells)that the parents can Produce. -enter the possible gametes at the top and side of the Punnett Square b b b b