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DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis How Proteins Are Made and How Are Your Traits Determined through Gene Expression? What are Proteins? • Organic compounds contain C, H, O, N • Made of small units called amino acids- building blocks of proteins What are Proteins continued? • Proteins are made at the ribosomes • Ribosomes read the DNA message on the mRNA and join amino acids to make proteins • Your body can make 12 of the 20 amino acids, but the other 8 essential amino acids must come from your diet • Name food items that are good source of these essential amino acids? (Hint: must come from protein source). Functions of Proteins • Enzymes-catalyst proteins used to control the rate of chemical reactions (lower amount of energy needed to start a reaction) • Structural component of body: skin, hair, muscles, bone Marcia S. Brose, M.D., Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Hematology/Oncology, The University of Pennsylvania Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit4_1_muscle_functions.html Functions of Proteins continued • Some proteins are hormones and carry chemical messages; for example insulin, regulates blood sugar • Transport substances such as hemoglobin in RBC that carries O2 http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20seven • Protect body against disease; antibodies of immune system SO…how does a cell make proteins anyway? And what does this have to do with DNA and RNA? Let’s Review… DNA vs. • Contains deoxyribose sugar • Is double stranded • Bonds A-T and C-G • Never leaves the nucleus • • • • RNA Contains ribose sugar Is single stranded Bonds A-U and C-G Can leave the nucleus Remember there are three types of RNA • mRNA: messenger RNA; carries DNA message to ribosomes • tRNA: transfer RNA; transfers amino acids to ribosomes mRNA tRNA towing • rRNA: ribosomal RNA; makes up ribosome-protein factories of the cell Protein factory Role of RNA AGAT • While DNA contains the T C GA instructions for making proteins G C A C TC AT in the form of genes… • RNA is the molecule that actually does all the work of putting the protein together Overall Process of Protein Synthesis (Gene Expression) Transcription DNA Translation mRNA Transcription Protein •Information in DNA is “transcribed” (rewritten) as a molecule of mRNA Translation •DNA information on mRNA is “translated” into protein language Enzymes • There are two different enzymes necessary in making a protein. • Helicase – breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases • Polymerase – brings new nucleotides and bonds them to existing strands • What organic compound group do enzymes belong to? TRANSCRIPTION- First Process of Protein Synthesis • Occurs in the nucleus • Uses RNA Polymerase • Makes mRNA from DNA template • 60 nucleotides are copied per second • Initiator (start) Codon: AUG TRANSCRIPTION Steps G G G C A T C C A T T 1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A TRANSCRIPTION G G G C A T C C A T T 1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A TRANSCRIPTION G G G C A T C C A T T 1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A TRANSCRIPTION G G G C A T C C A T T 1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A TRANSCRIPTION G G G C A T C C A T T 1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A TRANSCRIPTION G G G C A T C C A T T 1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A TRANSCRIPTION G G G C A T C C A T T 1. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases A TRANSCRIPTION G G C A T C C G T A 2. The DNA strands break apart T A TRANSCRIPTION T A A T G C C G G C A T TRANSCRIPTION T A A T G C C G G C A T TRANSCRIPTION T A A T G C C G G C A T TRANSCRIPTION T A A T G C C G G C A T TRANSCRIPTION T A A T G C C G G C A T TRANSCRIPTION T A A G C C T G 3. RNA Polymerase brings in mRNA C nucleotides and matches them with their DNA G complement. A T G G C T A G C C G T A A T A A G G C T G C C G T A A T A A G G C C C T G C G T A A T A A G G C C C T G C G G T A A T A A G G C C C T G C A A G G T A T A A G G C C A A G G T C T G C T U A U T A A A T G G C mRNA DNA C A A G G T C C G G C A A G G T C C G G A C A U T T A 4. mRNA breaks away from the DNA strand and goes to the ribosome A A G G C C A A G G T C T G C T A U A A G G C C A A G G T C T G C T A U A A G G C C A A G G T C T G C T A U U A A T G G C C A G A T C G G C T A To Ribosome T A A C G T A G 5. The DNA strand is put back together C C G T T A A T G C C G G C A T T A A T G C C G G C A T T A A T G C C G G C A T T A A T G C C G G C A T T A A T G C C G G C A T G G G C A T C C A T T A SUMMARY Transcription A G C A G A G DNA C C G G T A C T T U A Translation mRNA tRNA Protein Some additional notes about making mRNA… • DNA contains many non-coding regions, also known as “junk DNA” • RNA is not made from the junk DNA • Only 1 of the 2 DNA strands is used to make the mRNA; this strand is called the DNA template • DNA code on the mRNA is read three bases at once, and these three letter base combinations on the mRNA are called codons • Codons determine your genetic code and the traits expressed from protein synthesis