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 What reinforcers are at work in your life? i.e. What rewards
increase the likelihood that you will continue with desirable
behavior..
 At home?
 In school?
 With friends?
 If possible, identify schedules of reinforcement
Learning
pp.325-336
Notebook p. 9
Objective 10: What are the two major differences
between classical and operant conditioning?
 Operant conditioning: the type of learning that occurs when
a behavior is strengthened if followed by a reward and
diminished if followed by punishment
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JA96Fba-WHk
Objective 10: What are the two major differences
between classical and operant conditioning?
Classical
• Associations between
stimuli
• Respondent behaviorbehavior in response to
stimulus
• Learning associations
between uncontrolled
events
• Stimulus  Response
Operant
• Associations with
consequences
• Operant behavior- behavior
produces stimulus
(reward/punishment)
• Learning associations
between behavior and
resulting events
• Response  Stimulus
Objective 11: What is Thorndike’s Law of
Effect?
 Law of Effect: behaviors that result in rewards are
strengthened, while behaviors that did not result in rewards
are weakened
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Objective 11: How does the law of effect
explain Skinner’s research?
 Operant Chamber
(Skinner box): recorded
responses of animals
seeking reward in the
form of food.
 Behavior of pressing a lever
was reinforced, or
strengthened, by an
impending reward
Do Now
 Find your new seat
 Open Notebook to P.9
Objective 12: What is shaping?
 Shaping (via successive approximations): creating a new
behavior based on a sequence of rewarding behaviors that
come closer and closer to the ultimate behavioral goal
 Ex. Boys in the hallway
Objective 12: How can shaping explain what
animals and babies can discriminate?
 If we can shape them to respond to one stimulus and not
another, then they can perceive the difference
 Name an example, besides those listed in the text, of
unintentionally shaped behavior?
Objective 13: What is a reinforcer?
 Reinforcer: a stimulus (event) that, when made contingent
on behavior, increases the strength of the exhibited behavior
 Reinforcers vary with circumstances
 Any consequence that strengthens behavior whether it be
positive or negative
Objective 13: What is the difference between
positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive Reinforcement
 Strengthens a response by
adding a desirable stimulus
 Food for hungry animals
Negative Reinforcement
 Strengthens a response by
removing an aversive
(undesirable) stimulus
 Attention, approval, and
 Aspirin for a headache
money are positive
reinforcement for most
people
 Grades for students
 Studying to reduce anxiety
 Taking an addictive
substance to avoid
withdrawal
Objective 13: What are some examples of primary
reinforcers, conditioned reinforcers, immediate
reinforcers, and delayed reinforcers?
 Primary reinforcer: any reinforcing stimuli that satisies a
biological need (food, water, sex, warmth, etc.)
 Secondary (conditioned) reinforcer: any previously neutral
stimulus that has gained reinforcement value after being
associated with another reinforcer (money, grades, etc.)
Objective 14: What are the strengths and weaknesses
of continuous and partial reinforcement?
 Continuous
 Partial (intermittent)
Reinforcement: response is
reinforced every time it
occurs
Reinforcement: responses
are sometimes reinforced,
sometimes not
 Strength: learning occurs
 Strength: greater resistance
rapidly
 Weakness: extinction
occurs rapidly
to extinction
 Weakness: initial learning
is slower
Objective 14: What are the four schedules
of reinforcment?
Ratio
Fixed
Variable
Interval
Reinforcement is provided after a set
number of the correct responses are
performed.
Reinforcement is provided for the
first desired response after a set
amount of time has elapsed.
Ex. Gum ball machines
Ex. Pay check
Reinforcement is provided after a
varying number of correct behaviors.
Reinforcement is provided after the
first desired response after varying
amount of time has elapsed.
Ex. Slot machines
Ex. Checking for Facebook
notifications
Objective 15: What is punishment?
 Punishment: any event that decreases the behavior that if
follows
Objective 15: What are the differences between
positive/negative punishment/reinforcement?
Punishment
Reinforcement
(diminishes behavior) (strengthens behavior)
Positive
(+)
Negative
(-)
Adding an aversive (undesirable)
stimulus in order to decrease
behavior.
Adding a desirable stimulus in order
to increase behavior.
Ex. Detention for talking in class
Ex.You get $20 for every “A” you
get on your report card
Taking away a desirable stimulus in
order to decrease behavior.
Taking away an aversive (undesirable)
stimulus in order to increase behavior.
Ex. Parents take away car privilege
if you stay our past curfew.
Ex. Every time you get a headache,
you take an aspirin
Objective 15: What are some of the drawbacks
of punishment as a behavior-control technique?
• Spanked children are at increased risk for aggression,
depression, and low self-esteem
– Physical punishment may increase aggressiveness by
demonstrating that aggression is a way to cope with problems
• Fear may be associated with undesirable behavior, person
administering punishment, or situation it occurs
• Punishment only tells you what not to do
• Learn how to avoid punishment
Operant Conditioning Activity
Operant Conditioning Activity
• How do individuals in the real world employ operant
conditioning?
• How could/should instructors and students use
operant conditioning in the classroom?
Have you trained your pets?
Have your parents trained you?
Have you, in return, trained your parents?
Operant Conditioning Activity
• Have you trained your pets?
• Have your parents trained you?
• Have you, in return, trained your parents?
Objective 16: How does latent learning demonstrate that
cognitive processing is an important part of learning?
 Latent learning: learning that becomes apparent only when
there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
 Ex. Making your own lunch if Mom or Dad is feeling sick
Objective 16: How does the effect of external
rewards demonstrate cognitive processing?
 Unnecessary rewards carry hidden costs.
 External rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation-
the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
 Ex. learning for the sake of having an education
 Extrinsic motivation: the desire to behave in certain ways to
receive external rewards or avoid punishment
Objective 17: How do biological predispositions
limit what can be achieved through operant
conditioning?
 Reinforcement works with natural behaviors
 Learn associations that are naturally adaptive
 “instinctive drift”
Process p.8
 List three examples of operant conditioning that you have
experienced in your own life. If possible, identify whether it
was:
 Positive or negative
 Reinforcement or punishment
 Identify the schedules of each example if possible
 Which operant conditioning technique do you find most
effective? Why?