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European Union & Environment Introduction Optimistic Outlook -> Emissions of toxic substances declined -> Dangerous pesticides and chemicals – banned or restricted -> Rates of recycling are up -> Environment in EU - protection Only a few problems solved -> Problems of the future – much harder comprehended and brought under control -> Individuals – do not understand the consequences of their actions Protecting the Water UE Goal – cleaning all waters by the end of 2010 7000 million € - regions with less than 75% average income Portugal – from 60% (1995) to 95% (2005) Ireland – from 20% (1990) to 80% (2005) Protection of the Life -> Industrial Development – threat -> Biodiversity - decrease -> Natura 2000 program – completed in 2005 -> Protection vs Development -> EU supports environmental projects -> 60 million € - elephant and jungle conservation Protection of other areas Protection of Forests -> 127,8 million ha in EU -> Increase of 10% from 1960 to 1990 -> 1995 – 2000 – 650.000 ha created -> 130.000 ha – rehabilitated -> 50 million € - tropical forests Protection of Air -> Problems : depletion of stratospheric O3, controlling acidification and climate change. -> Greenhouse gas effect -> attempted to be reduce every year -> 60% areas from EU – suffer from acidification -> Balance between rail, road, air and shipping. Looking East Environment – supported by Strategy PHARE and TACIS programmes Countries of SU – environment a priority for TACIS Ten Countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria) -> ratified Europe Agreements – emphasis of environment in the accession - cooperation - advice -> investment Then and Now While the effect of human activity on the global climate is hotly debated, physical signs of environmental change are all around us. Some scientists say an increase in the rate of melting of the world's glaciers is evidence of global warming. Argentina's Upsala Glacier was once the biggest in South America, but it is now disappearing at a rate of 200 meters per year. Other scientists say its reduction is due to complicated shifts in glacial dynamics and local geology. Then and Now Rising tides Some scientists predict that a warmer climate will trigger more violent storms, which will cause increased rates of coastal erosion. This is a section of shoreline at Cape Hatteras in North Carolina in the USA, pictured in 1999 and 2004. The southern United States and Caribbean region were battered by a series of powerful hurricanes last year. Rising sea levels are also expected to speed up coastal erosion. Then and Now Vanishing islands Other parts of the world could face even more drastic change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a consortium of several thousand independent scientists, predicts that sea levels could rise by between 9 and 88cm in the next century. This would threaten low-lying islands such as Tuvalu in the Pacific. These images, taken on the same day this year, show the effects of a higher than usual tide. Then and Now No snow As the climate warms up, mountainous regions may experience lower levels of snowfall. This image shows Mount Hood in Oregon at the same time in late summer in 1985 and 2002 Then and Now More pests Tree-eating wood beetles are likely to benefit from a warmer climate and reproduce in ever-increasing numbers. These images show damage to White Spruce trees in Alaska caused by the pests. The Climate Change -Climate change -> big threat -In the last century – temperature increased by 0.6ºC. -In this century – temperature will increase by a further 1.4 to 5.6. -Increased level of the sea -Cause – The ‘greenhouse’ gases -Kyoto Protocol The Ozone Hole 1985 – A thinning of the ozone layer is discovered: “the O3 Hole” Cause – CFCs used as aerosol propellants and refrigerants Ozone destruction – Greater at the poles 1996 – Scandinavia, Greenland and Siberia -> 45% depletion 1997 – Antarctic hole – 24 Km The Ozone Layer O3 – small concentration into atmosphere 90% - in Stratosphere – layer between 10 km and 50 km The layer – filters sun ultraviolet Threat – aerosols, volcanic eruptions etc.