Download experimental design

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FOS FINAL EXAM REVIEW SHEET
The final for Foundations of Science will cover all of the material that we have covered since the midterm. The
majority of this test includes material on atmospheric science, space science, energy resources, and chemistry.
Most of the questions on the final will come straight from previous tests. In addition to these questions, there
may also be some questions related to experimental design and the nature of science, which we have been
discussing and using throughout the year.
In order to study for this final, answer the following questions in a study guide format. I will check this at the
end of each class to see your progress. Although each person may go at a different speed, you must work on this
review sheet until it is complete. Then you may work on materials for other classes. Material that may be
covered on the final includes the following:
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE
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What are the different layers of the atmosphere? What are the major characteristics of each?
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What is the difference between climate and weather? Be able to give an example of each.
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What is meteorology? How do scientists study meteorology?
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Know every topic and be able to describe every term on the Meteorology Webquest
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What is the Beaufort scale?
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What is the general composition of the atmosphere? What gases make it up?
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What is ozone? What is the ozone layer? What is the importance of the ozone layer? What has happened
to the ozone layer and why has it occurred? (make sure not to confuse ozone destruction with global
warming!)
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What are the three ways that the atmosphere is heated? Be able to describe each and give an example of
where each one would be used.
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Explain what convection currents and convection cells are.
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Explain the Coriolis effect and its impact on Earth’s winds
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What is the greenhouse effect? Why is it important?
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List and describe the effects of the 4 major types of greenhouse gases.
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What is global warming? What are some of the human-created sources of global warming? What are
some of the signs that global warming is occurring?
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Know terms such as carbon sequestration, carbon sponge, carbon footprint, and explain how humans are
impacting the temperature on the earth
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Explain how temperature and pressure changes can effect weather and wind patterns
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Explain how tides are produced.
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List some of the substances that contribute to air pollution and how these pollutants can affect out air
quality
SPACE SCIENCE:
Know the following terms: Electromagnetic spectrum, Wavelength, Frequency, Space probe, Spectroscope,
Solar telescope, Telescope, Satellite, The sun, Parallax, Gravity, Tides, Planet, Moon, Black hole, Comet,
Meteor, Meteorite, Asteroid, Galaxy, Spiral galaxy, Pulsar, Quasar, Star cycle, Super massive black hole,
Elliptical galaxy, White dwarf star, Main sequence star, Red giant star, Neutron star.
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Be able to describe the major types of electromagnetic radiation and their characteristic wavelength and
frequency
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Be able to describe the relationship between frequency and potential damage to living things.
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Explain how the moon and the sun contribute to the earth’s tides.
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Describe the different ways that scientists can collect data from and study outer space and our solar
system.
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Explain how scientists use parallax to figure out the relative distance to a star.
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Be able to distinguish between the different types of galaxies.
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Explain the similarities and differences between comets, meteors, meteorites, and asteroids.
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Describe the importance of the sun and how it fuels itself and sustains life on earth
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Describe the star cycle and range of stars that can be found in the universe.
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Explain what scientists know about black holes, quasars, pulsars, and galaxies as well as what scientists
are unsure of and would like to know more about in the future.
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Describe the astronomical instruments that scientists use to study the universe and how they expand our
knowledge of space and the things found in it.
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What is known about how the earth, moon, and sun formed?
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Describe the relative scale of the earth, our moon, planets, our solar system, our galaxy, and our
universe.
ENERGY RESOURCES
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Be able to name and gives examples of different types of energies including all specific types of
potential and kinetic energy
State the definition of energy and the units used when calculating or working with energy
Calculate the kinetic energy and/or potential energy by using the formulas for kinetic energy and
gravitational potential energy
Describe what happens in various energy conversions and be identify the types conversion in examples
such as lighting a match
Describe the law of conservation of energy and the law of conservation of mass/matter
Explain what happens to the total amount of energy as it is transferred from one form to another. What
type of energy is also produced in most energy conversions?
Describe the relationship between energy and mass by explaining the formula E = mc2
Explain why a bouncing ball does not bounce to same height that it was dropped.
Explain at the particle level how heat energy is transferred from any object to another and which way
heat will always transfer.
List and describe the different types of nonrenewable energy
Explain how nonrenewable and renewable energy sources can be used to create electricity
Discuss the pros and cons of any source of energy for electricity (nonrenewable or renewable)
Discuss the role of nuclear energy now and in the future and relate it to current events in Japan and past
events at Chernobyl
Be able to recognize the relative amount that each type of energy source that is used to produce
electricity in the US and the world (for example: what percent of world or US energy comes from
nuclear or hydroelectric?)
CHEMISTRY
 The difference between atoms, molecules, compounds, mixtures, elements.
 The properties of atoms including energy levels, subatomic particles, significance of
atomic number and atomic mass, bonding properties (how can atoms bond and why do
they bond?)
 The three main types of bonds, how each occurs, and with which elements do these bonds
occur (i.e. nonmetal – nonmetal, metal – nonmetal, metal-metal)
 Distinguish between an atom, an ion, and an isotope. Be able to write an isotope or ion in
the correct format
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 The properties of subatomic particles (what are the subatomic particles, what charge do
they have, where do you find them, how much relative mass do they have?)
 Be able to use explain how the periodic table is arranged
 Use your periodic table to identify various elements as well as their atomic mass and
atomic number.
 Be able to draw Bohr models of various elements given their atomic number or identity
 Explain what happens during a chemical reaction in terms of atoms and energy
 Be able to identify major groups on the periodic table as well as major classes of
elements and where they can be found on the table (i.e. transition metals, alkali metals,
nonmetals, etc)
 Be able to calculate the density, mass, or volume of an object given the appropriate
variables (the equation will not be provided)
 Know how basic chemical reactions work. What are the two main types? What are the
signs that a chemical reaction/chemical change have occurred?
 What is the difference between a chemical and physical change? Be able to give
examples of each and identify examples of each when they are given.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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What are the main steps of the scientific method?
How do you set up a good experiment?
What are independent and dependent variables?
How do you set up a control and variable group?