Download Honors Biology EOC Review Scientific Method What`s a scientific

Honors Biology EOC Review
Scientific Method
What's a scientific hypothesis?
What's the difference between a dependent and an independent variable?
What is a controlled experiment?
Know about each of the steps of the scientific method: (know this order too)
Observation, hypothesis, controlled experiment, theory, verification
Know the following: scientific theories do not become laws, and laws do not become theories, they are two
different things. Scientific theories are well tested explanations and scientific laws are well tested descriptions
Different types of microscopes: compound, dissecting, scanning electron, and transmission electron
Biochemistry
Why is water a polar molecule?
Where in water do you find polar covalent bonds?
What kind of bonds form between two different water molecules?
Are these bonds strong or weak? How do you know?
What are two properties of water due to hydrogen bonds that are involved in moving water up a plant?
Other properties of water to: universal solvent, it expands when frozen, large bodies of water moderate temps
What does it mean to be organic?
What are the four macromolecules of life?
Know basic functions for the four macromolecules of life.
What is a monomer of a carbohydrate?
What is a monomer of a protein?
What is a monomer of a nucleic acid?
What are the types of nucleic acids?
What's one characteristic all lipids share?
What macromolecule group are enzymes in?
What is the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction?
Be able to identify a reaction's reactant, enzyme, and product. Which of those is the enzyme's substrate?
What's the enzyme's active site?
What do enzymes do? (know answer in terms of activation energy)
Identify two ways an enzyme can be denatured? (what is denatured?)
Recognize the structure of glucose, a nucleotide, and a basic amino acid.
Cells
What are the three parts to the Cell Theory?
What's the main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
What organelles do prokaryotic cells have?
Give examples of both cell types.
What are some main differences between plant and animal cells?
Know the following organelles: chromatin, mitochondria, chloroplast, vacuole, ribosomes, nucleus, nucleolus,
lysosome, cell membrane, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (what they do and what they look like)
What is meant by the “phospholipid bilayer is semipermeable?”
What's the difference between active and passive transport (in terms of types of molecules transported,
concentration gradient, and energy usage)
What is the energy molecule that drives active transport?
What is diffusion and what is osmosis?
What happens to cells placed in solutions that are hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic?
It is the ratio of a cell's surface area to volume that determines how big it can get. A big cell has too much
volume on the inside and too little surface area to obtain the nutrients needed for such a large volume, so it
must divide. Smaller cells are better because they have a larger SA/V
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
What happens to water during photosynthesis? What significant byproduct does this produce?
What is the role of ATP production during photosynthesis?
Overall, what is the main point of photosynthesis?
What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
In what organelle does cellular respiration take place?
What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
What is the role of ATP made from cellular respiration?
What does photosynthesis make that cellular respiration needs? (two things)
What does cellular respiration make that photosynthesis needs? (two things)
What is fermentation (anaerobic respiration)?
Know: Photosynthesis stores energy in organic compounds and cellular respiration releases it.
Cell Reproduction
What is the role of mitosis during the human life cycle?
Put these stages of the cell cycle in order: P, C, I, M, T, A
What is the most important stage in Interphase...what happens?
After mitosis, what's the genetic relationship between the two new daughter cells and the parent cell?
What types of cells does mitosis make? (somatic or gametic)
Draw a simple sketch of the stages of mitosis (PMAT) with a cell from an organism with a diploid number of 4.
What are centrioles? Where are they located during metaphase and what's their function?
What affect can a mutation in DNA have on the regulation of the cell cycle?
What causes a tumor to form?
What is the difference between a malignant and a benign tumor?
What is the role of meiosis during the human life cycle?
Compare and contrast sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes
What's the diploid number of human chromosomes? Give an example of a type of cell that has this number of
chromosomes.
What's the haploid number of human chromosomes? Give an example of a haploid human cell.
What's the main chromosome movement during meiosis? (like when double file, what separates first, when
single file, what separates second)
After meiosis, what's the genetic relationship between each of the new daughter cells?
After meiosis, how do the new cells compare to the parent cell?
What types of cells does meiosis make? (somatic or gametic)
What happens when crossing over occurs?
What is independent assortment?
Mitosis = ____ploid to _____ploid and Meiosis = ____ploid to _____ploid.
Why is sexual reproduction an advantage over asexual reproduction?
In what ways can asexual reproduction be an advantage over sexual reproduction?
Human Reproduction
How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?
Know the functions of the parts of the female reproductive system: ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix
Know the functions of the male reproductive system: testes, scrotum, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, urethra
Put in order: fertilization, implantation, blastocyst, ovulation, cleavage, zygote
Where does fertilization occur? Where does the embryo/fetus develop?
In what trimester does all of the major organs develop?
What trimester does the developing baby mostly work on weight game and lung development?
What are the functions of the placenta and the umbilical cord during gestation?
What is the amniotic sac? What is amniotic fluid? Why are they important?
Genetics
Mendel's two laws = law of segregation and law of independent assortment
Punnett Square practice: monohybrid Aa x Aa and dihybrid AaTt x AaTt
Define Phenotype vs genotype
Find the genotypic ratio and phenotypic ratio of mono and dihybrid crosses.
Compare and contrast homozygous dominant vs homozygous recessive vs heterozygous
What trait has multiple alleles? How many alleles do you have for this trait?
What's the difference between complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance?
Polygenic inheritance = when multiple genes control a single phenotype (human skin color and height are
controlled by more than one gene, located on more than one pair of chromosomes)
What's a sex linked trait? On which sex chromosome are they usually located?
Why do more males usually show sex linked traits?
Which parent “determines” the gender of the child? Show a punnett square to prove it.
Each organism has a unique combination of characteristics encoded in molecules of _________.
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis
What are the base pairing rules of DNA?
What DNA strand will be made from TATACGAAC
When during a cell's “life” will it perform DNA Replication? What is the purpose of this?
What's the basic process of DNA Replication?
How are DNA and RNA different?
What are the three types of RNA?
Overall, what is protein synthesis (the making of what from what?)
What is the product of transcription?
What is the product of translation?
What amino acid sequence does the DNA sequence TACGGACTATACACC code for?
Where in the cell does each transcription and translation take place?
What affect can a mutation in the DNA have on the overall protein product after translation?
What is it called when a mutation does NOT change the overall protein product?
What's the relationship between genes and chromosomes?
Genetic Engineering
Know this: Bacteria have small segments of DNA (separate from their chromosome) called plasmids. We can
splice genes into these plasmids, and then put them back into the bacteria...causing the bacteria to make copies
of the gene.
All living things store genetic material as DNA, using the same 4 nucleotides. This is why we can splice
human and bacterial DNA together to perform some of the genetic engineering strategies we learned about,
such as using bacteria to make human insulin.
What are some examples of genetically modified plants and animals?
What are some pros and cons of genetic engineering?
Evolution
Darwin, Lamarck, Lyell, Malthus, Mendel, Wallace all aided in the development of the scientific theory of
evolution...in what way?
One of the first evolutionary theories was presented by Lamarck. How was his theory incorrect?
On what island did Darwin do a lot of his research?
On that island, he noticed many species of finch that varied in the shape and size of their __________.
What environmental factors lead to the differences among this feature?
Define fitness, natural selection, and adaptation. Use all three words in one sentence that shows how they are
related.
Steps of natural selection = overproduction, inherited variation, struggle for survival (competition), differential
reproductive success (the winners had best traits)
For “inherited variation” know how variation is generated = mutation and genetic recombination
(crossing over and independent assortment)
Genetic drift = when random changes occur in a population's gene pool because the population is very small
Gene flow = migration in and out of populations, can also lead to change in a population's gene pool
Geographic isolation = when a population is split into two (or more) groups by a physical barrier. Natural
selection and genetic drift will occur, causing the two groups to become different species over time.
Asexual populations undergo change through _______________.
Know the basic ideas behind these five different evidences for evolution: fossils, biogeographical distribution,
comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology.
Homologous vs analogous vs vestigial structures...define and give examples of each.
How does the environment play a role in the process of natural selection?
For hominid evolution: know how there was a change in brain size (larger), jaw size (smaller), becoming
bipedal, and using tools.
Origin of life
What gases were present in Earth's early atmosphere (and definitely what gas was NOT)
Miller/Urey's experiment shows abiotic synthesis of what type of organic molecules?
Why did Miller/Urey use electrical sparks?
What does the theory of endosymbiosis say about the origin of eukaryotic cells?
What does the theory of endosymbiosis say about mitochondria and chloroplasts?
What type of cells came first, prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
What type of organisms produced the oxygenated atmosphere? Through what process?
What does “RNA world” hypothesis say about the origin of genetic material?
Which of the following had to evolve first: photosynthesis, genetic material, organic molecules, plasma
membrane?
Taxonomy
Using different systems, what are the five kingdoms of life?.......the six kingdoms?
What are the three domains of life?
For each of the kingdoms/domains, know their characteristics of: prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, autotrophic vs
heterotrophic, multicellular vs unicellular.
What's the order of classification from kingdom to species?
What is binomial nomenclature? Who came up with it?
Be able to read a cladogram (phylogenetic tree) that shows shared traits among organisms and evolutionary
relationships
Plants
Know the following plant parts: roots, stems, leaves, flower, fruit, cones, seed, stomata, guard cells
Know the three main plant tissue types: ground, dermal, vascular
What are two types of vascular tissue in plants? What does each do?
What's the role of transpiration in water movement?
When are stomata open? When would they need to close?
Examples of angiosperms vs gymnosperms.
What's the purpose of colorful flowers?
What's the purpose of fruit?
Know the parts of an angiosperm flower: pistil/carpel, stamen, anther, filament, stigma, style, ovary
Human Systems
For the parts of the brain, you only need to be able to identify them on a diagram (don't need functions):
cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, brain stem, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal
lobe
For the circulatory system, focus your attention to factors that affect blood flow: blood pressure (what is it and
how is it measured), blood volume (more volume = more pressure), disease (what affect does atherosclerosis
have on blood pressure), how does exercise affect blood pressure and heart rate.
For the Immune system:
Know the difference between nonspecific and specific defense (and examples of each)
Even though both can be pathogenic, what are some differences between virus and bacteria?
What is antibiotic resistance and what's one way that bacteria can spread resistance?
How do we use a virus in the production of a vaccine?
Know that vaccines are for prevention for specific viral and bacterial diseases; and that antibiotics are to cure
bacterial infections (take antibiotics after infection)
What's the relationship between antibodies and antigens? What line of defense are they?
Ecology
Below are all the different levels of organization that many living organisms exhibit. Arrange the levels in
order from smallest to largest. And know what each word means:
ecosystem, tissue, cell, population, organ system, atoms and molecules, individual, community, organ, biosphere
What's the difference between an abiotic and biotic factor? Give examples of each.
Population
What four things determine population growth: birth, death, immigration, emigration
Know definitions and comparison between exponential growth, logistic growth, and boom and bust.
Analyze both of the growth curve graphs (J and S shaped). What does growing exponentially look like? What
does it mean in terms of carrying capacity to have leveled off? What does it mean in terms of birth and death
rate to have leveled off?
Give examples of density dependent and density independent limiting factors. How does a density dependent
limiting factor limit the population?
What type of growth has the human population been experiencing? Give some reasons as to why.
Community
What is meant by a symbiotic relationship?
What is the difference between parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism?
What is meant by introduced species? Why are they a problem?
What is ecological Succession? Know the difference between primary and secondary (soil?), know examples
of types of disturbances that lead to primary and secondary (volcano vs forest fire).
What does it mean to be a pioneer species? What's an example? What are some characteristics?
Ecosystem
Difference between food web and food chain? What direction do the arrows point in a food chain?
Know relationship between producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer
What's a decomposer?
In an energy pyramid, how much energy gets passed on from one trophic level to the next?
How does this energy loss limit the number of trophic levels in each food chain?
Know assimilation, reservoir, and release for these two biogeochemical cycles: water, carbon
Carbon cycle: photosynthesis vs cellular respiration vs burning fossil fuels
Water cycle: transpiration vs evaporation vs precipitation
Know that while nutrients cycle throughout ecosystems, energy only flows in one direction and then is lost as
heat.
For aquatic ecosystems, know how the distribution of life is based on the chemistry of the water (dissolved
nutrients), light and depth (photic/aphotic), salinity, temperature, and pH
Why is dissolved oxygen important in aquatic ecosystems? What things increase the level of DO2?
Biome/Biosphere
Know what a biome is and know some examples (tundra, taiga, deciduous forest, rain forest, etc)
What's the difference between coniferous trees and deciduous trees?
What does each of the following mean and what biome do they refer to: permafrost, canopy, humus
Know how to read a climatogram
Human Impact
How does the Greenhouse Effect work? What is it that causes the temperatures to raise?
How are humans increasing the greenhouse effect?
What are two ways that deforestation can lead to an increase in the greenhouse effect?
What is the purpose of the ozone layer? What are some predicted effects of its deterioration?
What are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)? Where are they found and why are they a problem?
What causes acid rain? Which nutrient cycle(s) does it impact?
What is eutrophication? (how does it relate to a “dead zone”)
What is biological magnification?
Know how the following events can lead to a loss of biodiversity: climate change, human activity, introduction
of invasive species, catastrophic events
Know pros and cons of different types of renewable and nonrenewable energy sources
What is sustainable development?