Download Biology Final Exam Review Guide

Biology Final Exam Review Guide
Mr. Rellinger
Semester 1 Material:

Ch. 1.1: What are the characteristics of the biosphere, ecosystems, organisms, and cells? What are the
differences between these levels of organization? How do they relate to each other?

Ch. 1.2: Differentiate between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

Ch. 4: What is a water molecule made of? Describe how a water molecule is polar. What are the
products and reactants of a chemical reaction? Describe the following characteristics of water: Density
of liquid vs. solid; ability to be a solvent; heat absorption qualities; Adhesion vs. Cohesion.

Ch. 5.1 and 5.2: Why are carbon atoms considered the backbone skeleton of organic molecules?
Identify and describe the processes that build and breakdown polymers. What are the functions of
carbohydrates for life? What is the hydrophobic characteristic of lipids and what functions of the body
does it provide for? Why are proteins such a diverse chemical regarding structure and function?

Ch. 6.1: Describe the cell theory and what it has helped to establish in science. What are organelles?
What roles do the plasma (cell) membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm and cell wall play in the functioning of a
cell?

Ch. 6.3: Compare/contrast the following cell processes: passive transport, facilitated diffusion, active
transport and osmosis. What role does a cell’s selectively permeable membrane play in these processes?

Ch. 7/8: Compare/contrast the following: (Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs), (Photosynthesis vs. Cell
Respiration) (Breathing vs. Cell Respiration), (aerobic vs. anaerobic). Describe the global impact of
photosynthesis and the carbon cycle.
Semester 2 Material:

Ch. 9.2: What is a chromosome and what are its parts? Describe the cell cycle and determine the
difference between interphase and mitotic phase. Determine the difference between mitosis and
cytokinesis during the mitotic phase.

Ch. 9.3: Describe what occurs in the cell during the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase
and telophase/cytokinesis.

Ch. 9.4: Compare/contrast benign vs. malignant tumors.

Ch. 9.5 and 9.6: Compare/contrast meiosis with mitosis. Understand the relationship between diploid
and homologous chromosomes. Understand the relationship between haploid and individual
chromosomes. Describe the major difference between meiosis I and meiosis II in terms of when
crossing over actually occurs to create unique gene recombination in the individual sex cells.

Ch. 10.2: Recognize the following vocabulary meanings and how they occur in inheritance: alleles,
homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, phenotype, and genotype. Be able to work through a
Punnett Square to determine the characteristics of inheritance of offspring.

Ch. 10.3: What’s the difference between intermediate inheritance, codominance and polygenic
inheritance?

Ch. 11: Describe the chemical structure and patterns associated with a DNA molecule. Describe the
processes of replication, transcription and translation.

Ch. 34.1: Describe the 5 levels of ecology. Identify biotic and abiotic factors of environments.

Ch. 35.4: Identify causes and possible results of interspecific competition. Compare and contrast
symbiotic relationships.

Ch. 36.1 and 36.2: Contrast the flow of energy to the flow of chemicals in an ecosystem. Explain how
tropic (feeding) levels relate to food chains, food webs, and food/energy pyramids. (Producers, Primary
consumers, Secondary…etc.)

Ch. 35.5: Describe how human and non-human environmental disturbances can have a positive and
negative effect. Compare primary succession to secondary succession.