Download Spring Exam Study Guide 2015 answers

Spring Exam Study Guide 2015 (with answers)
1. What is NOT a way that scientists generate hypotheses?
 Using a feeling about what should occur
2. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test
 A single variable
3. The ability to reproduce results is an important part of any
 Experiment
4. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called
 Homeostasis
5. What is the term for a group of organisms of one type living in the same place?
 Population
6. In the metric system; the basic unit of length is the
 Meter
7. What are the basic units of measurement in the SI or Metric System?
 Meter, liter, gram
8. A monosaccharide is an example of a
 Carbohydrate
9. Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the
 Speed of a reaction
10. What are the levels of organization in order?
 Organism, Population (species), community, ecosystem, biosphere
11. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a (an)
 Autotroph
12. What animals eat both producers and consumers?
 Omnivores
13. Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the
remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is lost as
_____________________.
 Heat
14. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia (the form of nitrogen that can
be used by other organisms)?
 Nitrogen fixation
15. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in which of the processes that we have studied?
 Photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition
16. All of the members of a particular species that live in the same area are called a ________________.
 Population
17. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems?
 Sunlight
18. Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are called
___________________.
 Decomposers
19. All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food _______________.
 Web
20. Which type of pyramid shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem?
 Biomass pyramid
21. The repeated movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is called the
___________________________.
 Water cycle
22. What are abiotic factors?
 Non-living things
23. What is primary succession and when does it begin?
 Primary succession is the series of land changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never
been colonized before.
 After a lava flow
24. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, the death rate may
_________________.
 Rise
25. What are density-independent factors?
 Non-living things that affect a population; earthquakes, climate changes, weather patterns, natural
disasters
26. An increase in Earth’s average temperature from the buildup of carbon dioxide and other gases in the
atmosphere is called _____________________.
 Global warming
27. Which cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material and controls many of the cell’s activities?
 Nucleus
28. Eukaryotic cells usually contain _______________________________.
 Organelles, a nucleus, and genetic material
29. Which organelle breaks down compounds into small particles that the cell can use?
 Lysosome
30. Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus?
 Ribosome
31. Which organelle would you expect to find only in plant cells?
 Chloroplast
32. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of ________________________________.
 High to low concentration
33. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called _________________.
 Osmosis
34. What are examples of autotrophs?
 Plants, fungi, and some bacteria
35. Energy is released from ATP when _____________________.
 A phosphate group is removed
36. The Calvin cycle takes place in what part of the chloroplast?
 Stroma
37. If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to its production of
high-energy sugars?
 No sugars will be produced.
38. If you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant receives, what happens to the rate of
photosynthesis?
 The rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off.
39. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?
 Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates
40. What part of an ATP molecule must break off in order to create ADP?
 Phosphate bonds
41. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called __________________.
 Pigments
42. The stroma is the space that surrounds the ____________________.
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 Thylakoids
Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
 In the thylakoid membranes
The Calvin cycle is another name for the _____________________________
 Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis
What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
 Glucose and oxygen
What is the starting molecule for glycolysis?
 Pyruvic acid
One cause of muscle soreness is
 Lactic acid fermentation
What are the products in the equation for cellular respiration?
 Carbon dioxide and water
What are the two types of fermentation?
 Alcoholic and lactic acid
In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by ___________________________.
 The Krebs Cycle
Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires _____________________.
 Oxygen
In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the _____________________.
 Mitochondria
Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in
 All eukaryotic cells
When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?
 Only during M phase or Mitosis
What occurs during interphase?
 Cell growth and DNA replication
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell?
 Metaphase
What is the proper sequence of the phases of mitosis?
 Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their ____________.
 Growth rate
The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called ____________________.
 Mitosis
What are the stages of the cell cycle?
 Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (PMAT), and Cytokinesis
The first phase of meiosis I is called
 Prophase I
Mendel concluded that traits are inherited through the passing of factors from
_______________________________.
 Parent to offspring
When Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring were tall
because ___________________________________.
 The allele for tall plants is dominant
How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose
genotype was RrYy?
 16
65. A cross of a white hen with a black rooster produces a speckled offspring. This type of inheritance is known as
_________________________.
 Codominance
66. The principle of dominance states _______________________________________________.
 That some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.
67. Two plants with the genotypes TT and Tt would have the same ___________________.
 Phenotype
68. What is independent assortment?
 When two or more characteristics are inherited, they are inherited independently of one another
69. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called
 Incomplete dominance
70. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol _______.
 N
71. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of _________________________.
 Haploid cells
72. What are the components of a nucleotide for DNA?
 Deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine/adenine/thymine/guanine
73. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids?
 3
74. Describe the structure of DNA:
 Double stranded, composed of nucleotides, A, T, C, G
75. RNA contains the sugar _________________________.
 Ribose
76. Which RNA molecule carries amino acids?
 Transfer RNA
77. What is produced during transcription?
 mRNA
78. Selective breeding produces _______________________.
 Desired traits in offspring
79. Breeders maintain the desired traits for an organism by ________________________.
 Inbreeding
80. What is genetic engineering?
 Reading a DNA sequence, editing a DNA sequence, and reinserting DNA into living organisms
81. What technique is used by scientists to make transgenic organisms?
 Genetic engineering
82. Because the x chromosome contains genes that are vital for normal development, no baby has been born
without,
 An x chromosome
83. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype?
 46
84. In humans, a male has what sex chromosomes?
 XY
85. Human females produce egg cells that have what number of x chromosomes?
 One x chromosome
86. What human trait is an example of a polygenic trait?
 Skin color
87. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called ______________________.
 Nondisjunction
88. What is the Human Genome Project?
 An analysis of the entire human DNA sequence
89. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have
_______________________________________.
 Variations best suited to the environment
90. An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that can affect an organism in what two ways?
 Physical or behavioral
91. What is a vestigial structure?
 A structure that remains in an organism, but has no real function
92. A single-gene trait that has two alleles and that shows a simple dominant-recessive pattern will result in
___________________________________.
 four phenotypes
93. The Galapagos finch species are an excellent example of ____________________________. What is the
definition of speciation?
 Speciation
 The evolutionary process by which a new species arises
94. The combined information of all members of a particular population is the population’s
___________________________________.
 Gene pool
95. A change in a sequence of DNA is called a _____________________________.
 Mutation
96. The two main sources of genetic variation are
 Gene shuffling and mutations
97. Natural selection acts directly (shows up in an organisms) _____________________________.
 Phenotype
98. In genetic drift, allele frequencies change because of _____________________.
 Chance
99. A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone
____________________ radiation/ ______________________ evolution.
 Adaptive radiation or divergent evolution
100.
Sharks, dolphins, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and appendages that enable them
to move through the water. These similarities are the result of ____________________ evolution.
 Convergent