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Spring Exam Study Guide 2015 (with answers) 1. What is NOT a way that scientists generate hypotheses? Using a feeling about what should occur 2. A controlled experiment allows the scientist to isolate and test A single variable 3. The ability to reproduce results is an important part of any Experiment 4. The process by which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant is called Homeostasis 5. What is the term for a group of organisms of one type living in the same place? Population 6. In the metric system; the basic unit of length is the Meter 7. What are the basic units of measurement in the SI or Metric System? Meter, liter, gram 8. A monosaccharide is an example of a Carbohydrate 9. Enzymes affect the reactions in living cells by changing the Speed of a reaction 10. What are the levels of organization in order? Organism, Population (species), community, ecosystem, biosphere 11. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a (an) Autotroph 12. What animals eat both producers and consumers? Omnivores 13. Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an organism can be passed on to the next trophic level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for the organism’s life processes, and the rest is lost as _____________________. Heat 14. What is the process by which bacteria convert nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia (the form of nitrogen that can be used by other organisms)? Nitrogen fixation 15. Carbon cycles through the biosphere in which of the processes that we have studied? Photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition 16. All of the members of a particular species that live in the same area are called a ________________. Population 17. What is the original source of almost all the energy in most ecosystems? Sunlight 18. Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead and decaying plants and animals are called ___________________. Decomposers 19. All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food _______________. Web 20. Which type of pyramid shows the amount of living tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem? Biomass pyramid 21. The repeated movement of water between Earth’s surface and the atmosphere is called the ___________________________. Water cycle 22. What are abiotic factors? Non-living things 23. What is primary succession and when does it begin? Primary succession is the series of land changes which occur on an entirely new habitat which has never been colonized before. After a lava flow 24. If a population grows larger than the carrying capacity of the environment, the death rate may _________________. Rise 25. What are density-independent factors? Non-living things that affect a population; earthquakes, climate changes, weather patterns, natural disasters 26. An increase in Earth’s average temperature from the buildup of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere is called _____________________. Global warming 27. Which cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material and controls many of the cell’s activities? Nucleus 28. Eukaryotic cells usually contain _______________________________. Organelles, a nucleus, and genetic material 29. Which organelle breaks down compounds into small particles that the cell can use? Lysosome 30. Which organelle makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus? Ribosome 31. Which organelle would you expect to find only in plant cells? Chloroplast 32. Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of ________________________________. High to low concentration 33. The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called _________________. Osmosis 34. What are examples of autotrophs? Plants, fungi, and some bacteria 35. Energy is released from ATP when _____________________. A phosphate group is removed 36. The Calvin cycle takes place in what part of the chloroplast? Stroma 37. If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant’s environment, what would you expect to happen to its production of high-energy sugars? No sugars will be produced. 38. If you continue to increase the intensity of light that a plant receives, what happens to the rate of photosynthesis? The rate of photosynthesis increases and then levels off. 39. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule? Adenine, ribose, and 3 phosphates 40. What part of an ATP molecule must break off in order to create ADP? Phosphate bonds 41. Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called __________________. Pigments 42. The stroma is the space that surrounds the ____________________. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. Thylakoids Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? In the thylakoid membranes The Calvin cycle is another name for the _____________________________ Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration? Glucose and oxygen What is the starting molecule for glycolysis? Pyruvic acid One cause of muscle soreness is Lactic acid fermentation What are the products in the equation for cellular respiration? Carbon dioxide and water What are the two types of fermentation? Alcoholic and lactic acid In the presence of oxygen, glycolysis is followed by ___________________________. The Krebs Cycle Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires _____________________. Oxygen In eukaryotes, electron transport occurs in the _____________________. Mitochondria Unlike photosynthesis, cellular respiration occurs in All eukaryotic cells When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? Only during M phase or Mitosis What occurs during interphase? Cell growth and DNA replication During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of the dividing cell? Metaphase What is the proper sequence of the phases of mitosis? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their ____________. Growth rate The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called ____________________. Mitosis What are the stages of the cell cycle? Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (PMAT), and Cytokinesis The first phase of meiosis I is called Prophase I Mendel concluded that traits are inherited through the passing of factors from _______________________________. Parent to offspring When Mendel crossed true-breeding tall plants with true-breeding short plants, all the offspring were tall because ___________________________________. The allele for tall plants is dominant How many different allele combinations would be found in the gametes produced by a pea plant whose genotype was RrYy? 16 65. A cross of a white hen with a black rooster produces a speckled offspring. This type of inheritance is known as _________________________. Codominance 66. The principle of dominance states _______________________________________________. That some alleles are dominant and others are recessive. 67. Two plants with the genotypes TT and Tt would have the same ___________________. Phenotype 68. What is independent assortment? When two or more characteristics are inherited, they are inherited independently of one another 69. Situations in which one allele for a gene is not completely dominant over another allele for that gene are called Incomplete dominance 70. The number of chromosomes in a gamete is represented by the symbol _______. N 71. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of _________________________. Haploid cells 72. What are the components of a nucleotide for DNA? Deoxyribose + phosphate group + cytosine/adenine/thymine/guanine 73. How many codons are needed to specify three amino acids? 3 74. Describe the structure of DNA: Double stranded, composed of nucleotides, A, T, C, G 75. RNA contains the sugar _________________________. Ribose 76. Which RNA molecule carries amino acids? Transfer RNA 77. What is produced during transcription? mRNA 78. Selective breeding produces _______________________. Desired traits in offspring 79. Breeders maintain the desired traits for an organism by ________________________. Inbreeding 80. What is genetic engineering? Reading a DNA sequence, editing a DNA sequence, and reinserting DNA into living organisms 81. What technique is used by scientists to make transgenic organisms? Genetic engineering 82. Because the x chromosome contains genes that are vital for normal development, no baby has been born without, An x chromosome 83. How many chromosomes are shown in a normal human karyotype? 46 84. In humans, a male has what sex chromosomes? XY 85. Human females produce egg cells that have what number of x chromosomes? One x chromosome 86. What human trait is an example of a polygenic trait? Skin color 87. The failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis is called ______________________. Nondisjunction 88. What is the Human Genome Project? An analysis of the entire human DNA sequence 89. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, the individuals that tend to survive are those that have _______________________________________. Variations best suited to the environment 90. An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that can affect an organism in what two ways? Physical or behavioral 91. What is a vestigial structure? A structure that remains in an organism, but has no real function 92. A single-gene trait that has two alleles and that shows a simple dominant-recessive pattern will result in ___________________________________. four phenotypes 93. The Galapagos finch species are an excellent example of ____________________________. What is the definition of speciation? Speciation The evolutionary process by which a new species arises 94. The combined information of all members of a particular population is the population’s ___________________________________. Gene pool 95. A change in a sequence of DNA is called a _____________________________. Mutation 96. The two main sources of genetic variation are Gene shuffling and mutations 97. Natural selection acts directly (shows up in an organisms) _____________________________. Phenotype 98. In genetic drift, allele frequencies change because of _____________________. Chance 99. A single species that has evolved into several different forms that live in different ways has undergone ____________________ radiation/ ______________________ evolution. Adaptive radiation or divergent evolution 100. Sharks, dolphins, and penguins all have streamlined bodies and appendages that enable them to move through the water. These similarities are the result of ____________________ evolution. Convergent