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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) The Information of Life Pop Quiz: What do you know about DNA??? • What organelle is the “control center” of the cell? – Nucleus • What structures are found in the nucleus? – Chromosomes • What are chromosomes composed of? – DNA wrapped around proteins • How do genes and chromosomes control the activity of the cell? – By producing proteins that regulate cellular functions. Pop Quiz: What do you know about DNA??? The Structure of DNA • Long molecule made up of ___________. • Three basic components: – 5-carbon _____ (Deoxyribose) – _________ group – ___________ base • ________ formed by sugar and phosphate groups. • Nucleotides can be joined together in ____ order. – Any sequence of bases is possible. The Structure of DNA • ___________ ____ determines type of nucleotide. • Two Families: – Purines • _______ and _______ – Pyrimidines • ________ and _______ History of DNA • ________ discovers DNA contains almost ____ percentages of ___________ _____ (____). – _______ = _______ ; _______ = _______ • “Chargaff’s rules” History of DNA • ________ ________ identifies pattern of DNA using _____ diffraction (____). – Did not reveal _________ of DNA – Showed strands in DNA were _______ around each other. • Shape of _____. – Angle of ___ suggested ___ strands in structure. History of DNA • James ______ & Francis _____ (____) – Discovered structure of DNA. – Model was ______ _____. • Two strands wrapped around each other (_______ ______). – Discovered ________ bonds could form between ___________ bases. • _______ pairs with _______ (___ bonds) • ________ pairs with ______ (______ bonds) – Principle of ____ _______. • Explained Chargaff’s rules History of DNA • James Watson & Francis Crick (1953) – Discovered structure of DNA. – Model was double helix. • Twisted ladder. DNA and Chromosomes • __________: DNA located in _______ in form of ___________. – Number _______ widely between _______. – Humans = 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). DNA Length • DNA molecules are very ____. • Prokaryote: DNA length = 1.6 mm; Cell size = 1.6 µm. • DNA is ____ __ longer than cell. • Eukaryotes – DNA packed even more tightly. • Over __ _ in length and contains over __ _______ base pairs! • How is so much DNA folded into tiny chromosomes? Chromosome Structure • Chromosomes consist of ___ & _______. – Packed tightly together to form ________. • DNA is tightly coiled around proteins known as ________ to form ____________. – Pack with one another to compact further and form _____ ______. Chromosome Structure • Chromatin in __________ = bowl of _________. • Chromatin during _______ = __________ pairs (__). DNA Replication • Structure Meets Function – ___________ of DNA explained how it could be ___________. • Each strand can be used to make the other strand. – ____ _______ allows for ______________ of other half. – ___________ strands. DNA Replication • Cell must _________ its DNA before dividing. – Each new cell has ________ set of DNA molecules. DNA Replication • Cell must duplicate its DNA before dividing. – Each new cell has complete set of DNA molecules. • DNA molecules ________ into ___ strands. – Serves as ________ for new strand. DNA Replication • Replication occurs at ___________ _____. – ________ of sites in genome. – Occurs in ____ directions. • Why? DNA replication animation DNA Replication • Replication carried out by _______. – “_____” DNA by breaking ________ bonds. – DNA __________ • Polymerizes individual ___________. • “_________” each each new DNA strand • Each new DNA molecule has ___ _________ and ___ ___ strand. Real-time DNA replication