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Transcript
Ch. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System Parasympathetic Sympathetic Review … Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Sensory (afferent) division Motor (efferent) division Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division CH. 14 The Autonomic Nervous System I. Introduction– differences in Somatic Motor & Autonomic Motor A. Effectors B. Efferent Pathways Slide 5 1. ANS Uses mostly 2 neuron chain to Effectors a) Preganglionic Neuron - Preganglionic Axon b) Ganglionic Neuron - Postganglionic Axon 2. ANS Ganglion I. Introduction … B. Efferent pathways … Slide 6 3. Nerves: all Spinal & most Crainial Nerves: - Autonomic Nerves: C. Target Organs, Neurotransmitters & Responses 1. Neurotransmitter: - ANS: Norepinephrine for: & Acetylcholine for: 2. Organ Response: D. Responses to Changing Internal & External Conditions Somatic Motor vs. Autonomic Physiology SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Cell bodies in central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Neurotransmitter at effector Effector organs Single neuron from CNS to effector organs Effect + ACh Stimulatory Heavily myelinated axon Skeletal muscle NE SYMPATHETIC ACh Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Lightly myelinated Ganglion Epinephrine and preganglionic axons norepinephrine ACh Adrenal medulla PARASYMPATHETIC AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs Acetylcholine (ACh) Blood vessel ACh ACh Lightly myelinated preganglionic axon Ganglion + Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Smooth muscle (e.g., in gut), glands, cardiac muscle Stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on neurotransmitter and receptors on effector organs Norepinephrine (NE) Figure 14.2 SOMATIC MOTOR Versus AUTONOMIC Somatic motor • Skeletal Muscles Autonomic • Smooth & Cardiac Muscles • One Neuron w/ cell body in • Two Neurons • Cell body of presynaptic CNS neuron in CNS = preganglionic neuron • No Ganglion • Autonomic Ganglion • Axons travel in cranial and spinal nerves to muscles • Most axons travel in cranial & spinal nerves to effectors • Neurotransmitters: Ach • Neurotransmitters: Ach and NE • Cell Body of postsynaptic neuron in ganglion = postganglionic neuron II. ANS Divisions A. Sympathetic & Parasympathetic: B. Dual Innervations II. ANS Divisions … C. Role of the Parasympathetic Division Peace • Body maintenance: • Energy: • Organs while Relaxing • BP: • Heart: • respiratory rates: • Gastrointestinal activity: • Urinary Sys • Pupils: • • Ciliary muscles: • D. Role of the Sympathetic Division Stress • Fight or Flight • Mobilizes body for action or threat • BP: • Blood flow to muscles & heart: • Bronchioles: • Blood Glucose levels: ______ via Liver • Heart and Respiratory rates: • Digestive & Urinary Systems: III. ANS Anatomy A. Overview 1. Origin Sites 2. Relative Lengths of their Fibers 3. Location of their Ganglion CN III Ciliary ganglion CN VII CN IX CN X Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Eye Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Submandibular and sublingual glands Parotid gland Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung B. Parasympathetic Division (or Craniosacral Division) 1. Origin: 2. Terminal (Collateral) Ganglia: Celiac plexus Stomach Pancreas S2 S4 3. Cranial & Sacral Outflow Liver and gallbladder Pelvic splanchnic nerves Inferior hypogastric plexus Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina) Large intestine Small intestine Rectum Urinary bladder and ureters III. ANS Anatomy … B. Parasympathetic Division 3. Cranial & Sacral Outflow CN III Ciliary ganglion CN VII CN IX CN X Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion Cranial Nerve Cranial Oculomotor (III) Outflow Midbrain Para for Facial (VII) Pons Head 90% fibers Effector Organ(s) Eye: Pupil & Lens Parotid salivary glands Vagus (X) Heart, lungs, Intestines (1/2) & other Medulla Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Submandibular and sublingual glands Parotid gland Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Salivary, nasal, and lacrimal glands Glossopharyngeal (IX) Medulla Eye Celiac plexus Lung Liver and gallbladder Stomach Large intestine,(distal ½) Sacral S2-S4 urinary bladder, Outflow Lateral Gray Matter ureters, and Splanchnic n. reproductive organs Pancreas S2 S4 Pelvic splanchnic nerves Inferior hypogastric plexus Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina) Large intestine Small intestine Rectum Urinary bladder and ureters C. Sympathetic Division Spinal cord 1. Origin: Spinal Cord T1 to L2 - Lateral Horns: 2. Preganglionic Axons go through White Rami Communicantes- myelin 3. Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia (Chain or Paravertebral Ganglia) - 23 paired - Extends & and down: Dorsal root Ventral root Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk Ventral ramus of spinal nerve White ramus communicans (a) Location of the sympathetic trunk Eye Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Pons Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Superior cervical ganglion 23 paired paravertebral ganglia T1 Middle cervical ganglion Inferior cervical ganglion Salivary glands Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung Greater splanchnic nerve Lesser splanchnic nerve Celiac ganglion L2 Liver and gallbladder Stomach White rami communicantes Superior mesenteric ganglion Spleen Adrenal medulla Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar splanchnic nerves Inferior mesenteric ganglion Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Preganglionic Postganglionic Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder Figure 14.6 C. Sympathetic Division … 4. After entering trunk ganglia, Preganglionic fibers do one of following: a. Synapse at Chain Ganglion out via Gray Rami Communicantes (no myelin) 1 Synapse at the same level i) Synapse with ganglionic neuron at same level ii) Ascend or descend trunk and synapse at different level iii) Exit Chain Ganglion Gray Rami Communicates 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways … 4. a. Synapse at Chain Ganglion … iii) Exit Chain Ganglion Gray Rami Communicates … RAMI COMMUNICANTES • WHITE C.: In • GRAY C.: out Spinal cord Dorsal root Ventral root Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk Ventral ramus of spinal nerve White ramus communicans (a) Location of the sympathetic trunk Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways … 4. a. Synapse at Chain Ganglion … iii) … a) Some Join fibers of cranial nerves and/or spinal nerves … Arm & Legs--skin: Sweat glands, Arrector pili muscles; Vascular smooth muscle in Blood Vessels 1 Synapse at the same level • head skin, iris dialator muscles, tarsal muscles, inhibit nasal & salivary glands, • skin, thyroid gland, via cardiac plexus to heart 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level Lateral horn (visceral motor zone) Skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Ventral ramus of spinal nerve Gray ramus communicans White ramus communicans Ventral root Sympathetic trunk ganglion To effector 1 Synapse at the same level Blood vessels Figure 14.5b (1 of 3) Eye Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Pons Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Superior cervical ganglion T1 Middle cervical ganglion Inferior cervical ganglion Salivary glands Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung Greater splanchnic nerve Lesser splanchnic nerve Liver and gallbladder Celiac ganglion L2 Stomach White rami communicantes Superior mesenteric ganglion Spleen Adrenal medulla 1. 2. Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar splanchnic nerves Inferior mesenteric ganglion 2 Small intestine Synapse at same level Synapse at a higher or lower level Large intestine Rectum Preganglionic Postganglionic Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder Figure 14.5b (2 of 3) Sympathetic Trunks and Pathways … 4.-a. Synapse at Chain Ganglion … iii-a) … b) Some fibers go directly to organs • Directly to organs = heart 1 Synapse at the same level 2 Synapse at a higher or lower level 4-a-iii … b) Pass through trunk without synapsing i) Collateral Ganglia: synapse in - Splanchnic Nerves: take fibers to Collateral Ganglia ii) Go Directly to Adrenal Gland: - synapse with Adrenal Medulla neurons - Produce hormones: Splanchnic nerve 3 Synapse in distant collateral ganglion anterior to vertebral column Eye Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Pons Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Superior cervical ganglion T1 Middle cervical ganglion Inferior cervical ganglion Salivary glands Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung Greater splanchnic nerve Lesser splanchnic nerve Liver and gallbladder Celiac ganglion L2 Stomach White rami communicantes Superior mesenteric ganglion Spleen Adrenal medulla 1. 2. Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar splanchnic nerves Inferior mesenteric ganglion 2 Small intestine Synapse at same level Synapse at a higher or lower level Large intestine Rectum Preganglionic Postganglionic Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder Figure 14.5b (2 of 3) Dorsal Root Ganglion Trunk Ganglion Collateral Ganglion Splanchnic Nerve ii) Go Directly to Adrenal Gland … • medullary cells secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine into blood ACh Adrenal medulla Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic: structural differences Parasympathetic • Location: Craniosacral Sympathetic • Location: Thoracolumbar • Preganglionic Axon: long • Preganglionic Axon: short • Travels from lateral horn ventral root ventral rami nerves Terminal Ganglia • Travels from lateral horn Ventral root --> white rami communicans Trunk Ganglia **** • Postganglionic Axon: short • Postganglionic Axon: long • Ganglia: Terminal Ganglia in or near effectors • Ganglia: Trunk Ganglia close to the spinal cord and Collateral Ganglia anterior to and farther away from the spinal cord Parasympathetic ANS anatomy-Differences Sympathetic Eye Brain stem Salivary glands Heart Eye Skin* Cranial Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Cervical Lungs Lungs T1 Heart Stomach Stomach Thoracic Pancreas Liver and gallbladder Pancreas L1 Liver and gallbladder Adrenal gland Lumbar Bladder Bladder Genitals Genitals Sacral Figure 14.3 Option 3: pass thru trunk ganglia … Eye Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Pons Sympathetic trunk (chain) ganglia Blood vessels; skin (arrector pili muscles and sweat glands) Superior cervical ganglion T1 Middle cervical ganglion Inferior cervical ganglion Salivary glands Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Lung Greater splanchnic nerve Lesser splanchnic nerve Splanchnic nerve Liver and gallbladder Celiac ganglion L2 Stomach White rami communicantes Superior mesenteric ganglion Spleen Adrenal medulla Kidney Sacral splanchnic nerves Lumbar splanchnic nerves Preganglionic Postganglionic Inferior mesenteric ganglion 2 3 Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Genitalia (uterus, vagina, and penis) and urinary bladder Collateral ganglion (such as the celiac) Target organ in abdomen (e.g., intestine) 3. Synapse in distant collateral ganglion anterior to vertebral column Figure 14.5b (3 of 3) Visceral Reflexes • Autonomic (visceral) Sensory function: • Found with: • Visceral Reflexes: • Examples: Visceral Reflexes Stimulus 1 Sensory receptor in viscera 2 Visceral sensory neuron 3 Integration center • May be preganglionic neuron (as shown) • May be a dorsal horn interneuron • May be within walls of gastrointestinal tract Dorsal root ganglion Spinal cord Autonomic ganglion 4 Efferent pathway (two-neuron chain) • Preganglionic neuron • Ganglionic neuron 5 Visceral effector Response Figure 14.7 Referred Pain • Visceral pain afferents travel same pathway as: Gallbladder Appendix • Pain stimuli in viscera Heart Lungs and diaphragm Liver Heart Liver Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Ovaries Colon Kidneys Urinary bladder Ureters Figure 14.8 Neurotransmitters • Cholinergic fibers release Ach (acetylcholine) • All ANS preganglionic axons • All parasympathetic postganglionic axons • Adrenergic fibers release NE (norepinephrine) • Most sympathetic postganglionic axons (except ACh at sweat glands, some blood vessels) NE SYMPATHETIC ACh Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Ganglion Lightly myelinated Epinephrine and preganglionic axons norepinephrine ACh Adrenal medulla PARASYMPATHETIC AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs Acetylcholine (ACh) Blood vessel ACh ACh Lightly myelinated preganglionic axon Norepinephrine (NE) Ganglion + Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Smooth muscle (e.g., in gut), glands, cardiac muscle Stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on neurotransmitter and receptors on effector organs Receptors for Neurotransmitters Terms 1. Cholinergic receptors for Ach 2. Adrenergic receptors for NE Cholinergic Receptors • Two types of receptors bind ACh 1. Nicotinic – always excitatory 2. Muscarinic – usu. excites, inhibits cardiac muscle Adrenergic Receptors • Two types • Alpha () (subtypes 1, 2) • Beta () (subtypes 1, 2 , 3) • Effects of NE depend on dominant receptor type on target organ Many drugs work on these receptors… Table 14.3 Interactions of the Autonomic Divisions • Para or Sym typically Dominates = TONE • Most visceral organs have both: • See Table 14.4 Sympathetic Tone • Sympathetic controls blood vessels • Sympathetic tone (vasomotor tone) • Blood vessels are: Parasympathetic Tone • Parasympathetic division dominates: • Sympathetic division overrides: Cooperative Effects Parasympathetic Sympathetic Eye SEX. Salivary glands Heart • Parasympathetic fibers cause vasodilation = erection of penis or clitoris • Sympathetic fibers = ejaculation in males, contraction of vagina Brain stem Eye Skin* Cranial Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Cervical Lungs Lungs T1 Heart Stomach Stomach Thoracic Pancreas Liver and gallbladder Pancreas L1 Liver and gallbladder Adrenal gland Lumbar Bladder Bladder Genitals Genitals Sacral Unique Roles of Sympathetic Division • Adrenal medulla, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles, kidneys, and most blood vessels receive only sympathetic fibers • The sympathetic division controls factors needed to Respond to STRESS: • Heat regulation: • Kidneys (renin) and B.P. to: • Metabolic effects: • Skeletal muscles contract: Localized Versus Diffuse Effects • Parasympathetic division: short-lived, highly localized control over effectors • Sympathetic division: long-lasting, body-wide effects (NE and E breakdown slowly in liver) NE SYMPATHETIC ACh Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Ganglion Lightly myelinated Epinephrine and preganglionic axons norepinephrine ACh Adrenal medulla PARASYMPATHETIC AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs Blood vessel ACh ACh Lightly myelinated preganglionic axon Ganglion + Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Smooth muscle (e.g., in gut), glands, cardiac muscle Stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on neurotransmitter and receptors on effector organs Control of ANS Functioning Communication at subconscious level Cerebral cortex (frontal lobe) Limbic system (emotional input) Hypothalamus Overall integration of ANS, the boss Brain stem (reticular formation, etc.) Regulation of pupil size, respiration, heart, blood pressure, swallowing, etc. Spinal cord Urination, defecation, erection, and ejaculation reflexes Figure 14.9 • END • Review Questions Follow Review Questions parasympathetic Body maintenance is regulated by the _______________ division and its nerves arise from the ____________ craniosacral regions. sympathetic division and Mobilization is regulated by the ___________ thoracolumabar region its nerves arise from the _____________ Review Questions Sympathetic fibers that control sweat glands and arrector pili muscles synapse in the ______________ _______ sympathetic trunk ganglia. Pathways that serve the intestines and liver collateral ganglia. synapse in ____________ Acetylcholine (ACh) All preganglionic ANS figers release ____________. Sympathetic post ganglionic fibers tend to release norepinephrine (NE) _______________. Review Questions Most blood vessel smooth muscle and arrector pili are only sympathetic fibers. What are two other innervated by _____________ structures that only receive these fibers? Kidney, sweat glands, adrenal medulla Which region of the brain is king of the ANS? How is it linked to conscious awareness? Hypothalamus Limbic System Spinal cord Dorsal root Ventral root • Preganglionic neurons in T1 – L2 (lateral horn) • Preganglionic fibers white rami communicantes sympathetic trunk (paravertebral) ganglia (chain ganglia) • WHITE C.: In • GRAY C.: out Sympathetic trunk ganglion Sympathetic trunk Ventral ramus of spinal nerve White ramus communicans (a) Location of the sympathetic trunk
