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Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Sensory (afferent) division Motor (efferent) division Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system (ANS) Sympathetic division Parasympathetic division SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Cell bodies in central nervous system Peripheral nervous system Neurotransmitter at effector Effector organs Single neuron from CNS to effector organs Effect + ACh Stimulatory Heavily myelinated axon Skeletal muscle NE SYMPATHETIC ACh Lightly myelinated preganglionic axons ACh Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Ganglion Epinephrine and norepinephrine Adrenal medulla PARASYMPATHETIC AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Two-neuron chain from CNS to effector organs Acetylcholine (ACh) Blood vessel ACh ACh Lightly myelinated preganglionic axon Norepinephrine (NE) + Ganglion Unmyelinated postganglionic axon Smooth muscle (e.g., in gut), glands, cardiac muscle Stimulatory or inhibitory, depending on neurotransmitter and receptors on effector organs . Parasympathetic Eye Brain stem Salivary glands Heart Sympathetic Eye Skin* Cranial Cervical Sympathetic ganglia Salivary glands Lungs Lungs T1 Heart Stomach Stomach Thoracic Pancreas Liver and gallbladder Pancreas L1 Liver and gallbladder Adrenal gland Lumbar Bladder Bladder Genitals Genitals Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Sacral CN III Ciliary ganglion CN VII CN IX CN X Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion Otic ganglion . Eye Lacrimal gland Nasal mucosa Submandibular and sublingual glands Parotid gland Heart Cardiac and pulmonary plexuses Celiac plexus Lung Liver and gallbladder Stomach Pancreas S2 S4 Pelvic splanchnic nerves Inferior hypogastric plexus Genitalia (penis, clitoris, and vagina) Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Large intestine Small intestine Rectum Urinary bladder and ureters Preganglionic Postganglionic Cranial nerve Stimulus 1 Sensory receptor . Dorsal root ganglion in viscera 2 Visceral sensory Spinal cord neuron 3 Integration center • May be preganglionic neuron (as shown) • May be a dorsal horn interneuron • May be within walls of gastrointestinal tract 4 Efferent pathway (two-neuron chain) • Preganglionic neuron • Ganglionic neuron 5 Visceral effector Response Autonomic ganglion
