Download Protein Nucleic Acids - Sewanhaka Central High School District

Review
What are the 4 categories of biomolecules?
• Why are biomolecules called polymers?
• How do you build polymers?
• How do you break down polymers?
Friday 11/4/16
• AIM: Why do we eat proteins
• DO NOW: 1- What are the building blocks
of proteins?
• 2- What elements build proteins?
• 3- How are large proteins built?
Synthesis of polymers
• Monomers form larger molecules by
condensation reactions called dehydration
reactions
HO
1
3
2
H
Unlinked monomer
Short polymer
Dehydration removes a water
molecule, forming a new bond
HO
Figure 5.2A
1
2
H
HO
3
H2O
4
H
Longer polymer
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer
The Breakdown of Polymers
Hydrolysis
HO
1
2
3
4
Hydrolysis adds a water
molecule, breaking a bond
HO
Figure 5.2B
1
2
3
(b) Hydrolysis of a polymer
H
H2O
H
HO
H
Which biomolecules can be found
in the food sources below?
Protein
• CHNOPS
• Structure for tissues
and organs
• Hormones
• Metabolism
• Transport
• Receptors
• Catalysts
Structural Support
• Collagen and elastin
Hormones: chemical messengers
• Human Growth Hormone, Insulin,
Glucagon
Transport across the cell
membrane
• In and out of cell
Transport through the body
• Hemoglobin
Receptors
Enzymes are protein catalysts
How do we build large proteins?
How are amino acids related
to proteins?
Amino Acid
• All amino acids have
the same
fundamental structure
• A central carbon
bonded to:
–
–
–
–
Amino group
Carboxylic acid group
Hydrogen
Functional group
• The R group gives th
amino acid it’s uniqu
properties
• Size, water solubility
electrical charge
• There are only 20
amino acids which
account for all of the
proteins in all
organisms
Proteins
•
•
•
Polymers made of
subunits called
amino acids
Polypeptide: long
chain of amino
acids
Polypeptide chains
fold extensively to
form a functional
protein
Wednesday 11/9/16
• AIM: How do enzymes catalyze metabolic
reactions?
• DO NOW: 1-Use your notes to draw and
label the structure of an amino acid
• 2- What makes each amino acid different?
• 3- What are enzymes and how do they
work?
• HOMEWORK: Bring review book!
Dehydration synthesis of amino
acids forms peptide bonds
• Protein or
polypeptide: 50 or
more amino acids
bonded together
Peptide: shorter
chains
How are functional proteins
formed?
Fold the polypeptide into
secondary and tertiary structures
then add more folded
polypeptides to create the
quaternary functional protein
Shape of protein correlates to it’s
function
•
•
•
•
Shape of protein is determined by exact type,
position and number of it’s amino acids
In many cases 2 or more polypeptide chains
join
Amino acid chain undergoes a series of folds
If the shape of protein is denatured, the
protein may no longer be able to function
properly
Proteins
• ProteinsProtein structure
• ProteinsProtein structure Primary
structure
•
Primary structure: Polypeptide
chain
Secondary structure:
• ProteinsProtein structure Secondary
structure
folding of polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure
• ProteinsProtein structure Tertiary
structure
•
Disulfide bridges
Quaternary structure
• ProteinsProtein structure Quaternary
structure
•
Functional protein
Hemoglobin protein
How do you cells know which
amino acids should be used in
building a polypeptide?
How is the protein effected if
the shape changes?
If you change the structure or
denature a protein, it does not
work
Thursday 11/10/16
• AIM: How do enzymes catalyze chemical
reactions??
• DO NOW: 1- Explain what would happen if
an enzyme changes its shape.
• 2- Review book read pages 137-138.
Answer questions 1-4 pg 139
• HOMEWORK: Review book pages 140141 questions 5-12
Protein Structure
Enzymes are proteins
• Built from amino acids
Enzymes are catalysts
How do enzymes catalyze a
chemical reaction?
Enzymes are organic catalysts
• Enzymes catalyze
chemical reactions by
lowering activation
energy
• Lower activation
energy: the amount of
energy needed for a
chemical reaction to
occur
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
How do enzymes lower the
activation energy?
How Do Enzymes Work?
Substrate
• The molecule or molecules that the
enzyme is catalyzing
• Activation energy is lowered when the
enzyme and substrate bond together
– Causing chemical reaction to happen
How do enzymes work?
• Enzymes are
substrate specific
• Substrate is the
reactant
• Active site: part of
the enzyme capable
of recognizing and
binding to substrate
2 methods in which enzymes work
• Induced Fit Model
• Lock and key model
Monday 11/14/16
• AIM: How do enzymes catalyze chemical reactions?
• DO NOW: 1- Take out your review book hw have it
open to page 140. I am checking homework!!!!
Choose one of the questions below and complete it
Choice 1: Explain how enzymes are built and what they
do.
CHOICE 2: Since enzymes are _______ they are built
from ___________by the process of ________.
_______ are catalysts so they _____ a chemical
reaction.
HOMEWORK: Test on Friday Proteins and Nucleic
Acids. Review book page 141-142 questions 13-18
Enzymes are proteins
• Built from amino acids
• MOTIVATION: Draw the structure of an
amino acid using the following colors
• Central Carbon: green
• Amino group: Pink
• Carboxylic acid group: Blue
• Functional group: Red
Amino acids
• A central carbon forms 4 covalent bonds
(share electrons)
• Bond 1: with a single hydrogen atom
• Bond 2: with an amino group (NH2)
• Bond 3; with a carboxylic acid group
(COOH)
• Bond 4: with a functional group
represented by the letter R
How do amino acids bond
together to form a chain of
amino acids?
Dehydration synthesis: loss of
water to form a bond
Peptide bonds
• Always formed between the Nitrogen of an
amino group of one amino acid bonded to
the Carbon of the carboxylic acid in a
second amino acid
• THE CENTRAL CARBON IS NEVER part
of the peptide bond!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Which substrate would work with
this enzyme?
How do enzymes work?
Enzyme-substrate complex
• Lowers the activation
energy causing the
chemical reaction to
happen
How do enzymes bond to
substrates?
Induced fit
Lock and Key
Induced fit model
• Actually the "fit" of the substrate and the active
site is not a "perfect fit”
• enzyme active site slightly changes shape to fit
the substrate
Lock and key model
• Active site of the enzyme fits perfectly to
only one type of substrate
• If I changed the shape of the active site, how
would the enzyme activity change?
• In this picture, name the products.
• When is the activation energy lowered?
Pd 9 Tuesday
Tuesday 11/15/16
• AIM: What factors effect the rate of
enzyme activity?
• DO NOW: 1-Define activation energy?
• 2- Explain how enzymes effect activation
energy.
• HOMEWORK: Textbook read pages 156160. Answer questions 1 and 4 on page
160
DO NOW Answer
• Activation energy: The amount of energy it
takes for a chemical reaction to occur
• How do enzymes catalyze chemical
reactions?
• By lowering the activation energy
• When do enzymes lower activation
energy?
• Enzyme substrate complex
Naming enzymes
• Enzyme names end with the -ase suffix,
• the -ase suffix is added to the substrate name.
• For example, sucrase is the enzyme that breaks
down the substrate sucrose, a disaccharide,
into the monosaccharides glucose and
fructose.
• Protease: the enzyme that catalyzes the break
down of proteins into amino acids
Pair and share
• In one complete sentence,explain why the
shape of enzyme is important to its
function.
• What happens if an enzyme looses its
shape
Use you handout to identify
two factors that may effect
enzyme activity
Factors that affect enzyme
activity
1. Amount of enzyme
2. Amount of substrate
3. pH
4. Temperature
Concentration of Enzyme
If the amount of substrate
remains
the same:
 As increase amount of
enzyme,
 the rate of an enzyme
action also increase
 UNTIL…
 All enzymes become
saturated
 At this point all enzymes
are working at maximum
capacity
Concentration of substrate
If the amount of enzyme
remains the same:
a)
at low concentrations,
of substrate,
 Enzyme activity is low
 Because all enzymes are
NOT working
 As you increase the amount
of substrate, you increase
enzyme activity until all
substrates are bound to
enzymes

At this point, enzyme activity
is steady
pH
1. Each enzyme works
best at a certain pH
2. At optimal (best) pH:
enzyme has the right
shape
to fit substrate
3. Changes in pH change
the shape of enzymes
and their ability to fit
with substrates
4. Most enzymes work best
at pH’s near 7 (neutral)
Temperature
1. Enzymes work best at a
certain temperature
2. Optimum (best) temp. for
human enzymes is near
normal body temp. (37C)
3. Changes in temp. alter
shape of enzyme
4. At extreme temp’s
enzyme can ‘t fit with
substrate
5. high temperatures or very
low temperatures
denature the enzyme
Wednesday 11/16/16
• AIM: How are nucleic acids built?
• DO NOW: How are nucleic acids built?
• How do nucleic acids function in living
things?
• HOMEWORK: Castle learning due Friday
8:00 am
1-Which enzyme works best in an acidic pH?
2-Basic pH?
3- What is the optimal pH for each enzyme?
4- Explain Why enzyme 1 does not work in a basic
ph.
• The most likely result of mixing both enzymes with their substrates in a
single test tube is that:
• A- only gastric protease would be active if the pH of the mixture was
basic
• B- gastric protease would be more active than intestinal protease at
pH 6
• C-both enzymes would exhibit some activity at pH 5
• Which enzyme shows the greatest change
in its rate of action with the least change in
pH?
Practice questions
• The picture below represents which type
of organic compound?
Practice question
• What type of chemical
reaction is this and
how do you know?
Nucleic acids are built from
nucleotides
•
•
•
•
Nucleotides
Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
Nitrogen base
Nucleic Acids
• Hereditary
Information
– Passed down from
parent to offspring
• DNA and RNA
• Deoxyribose Nucleic
Acid
• Ribose Nucleic acid
DNA: deoxyribose nucleic acid
• James Watson and Francis
Crick
• DNA is a double helix
• Sugar-phosphate backbone
• 2 strands of nucleotides
connected at nitrogen bases
• Weak Hydrogen Bonds hold
Nitrogen bases together
• Nitrogen Base pair Rules
• A-T
• G-C
Nitrogen Base Pair Rules
•
•
•
•
Adenine A
Thymine T
Cytosine C
Guanine G
• DO NOW: Explain the difference between
DNA and RNA
• 2- What are the base pair rules
• HOMEWORK: Castle learning
Differences between DNA and
RNA
• 1- DNA is double strand RNA is single
• 2- DNA has deoxyribose RNA has ribose
• 3- DNA has thymine RNA has uracil
RNA
• Ribonucleic acid
• Single strand
• Ribose- 5 Carbon
sugar
• AUCG
• Uracil replaces
Thymine in RNA
How do Nitrogen bases specify
protein production?
• The sequence of Nitrogen bases A,T,C,G
are what build a gene.
• Genes hold the code to build a protein
• Proteins lead to physical traits
How are genes related to DNA?
• Genes are just part of
DNA
• Genes: sequences of
nitrogen bases that hold
the code to build a protein
• DNA carries genes
• Chromosomes are
condensed forms of DNA
• Many genes are found on
1 chromosome
Chromosomes are made up of
DNA
•
•
•
•
•
•
Specific sequences of nuleotides form genes
Genes code for proteins
One gene codes for one protein
ALL cells contain the same genes
So how then are cells different
Cells are different because they express
different genes
• Therefore different cells build different proteins
Assessment
• In your own words explain the difference
between a DNA and RNA nucleotide