Download Biology Midterm Review Sheet

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Biology Midterm Review Sheet
CHEMISTRY
Atoms are composed of what sub atomic particles?
The smallest particle of matter that can retain the chemical properties of carbon is?
A substance that is composed of only one type of atom is called a(n)
The electrons of an atom are found where in the atomic structure? And have what charge?
Compare ionic, covalent and Hydrogen Bonds?
What is a neutral solution? Use hydroxide and hydrogen ions in your answer.
A solution with a pH of 11 is an acid or base? Explain.
All organic compounds contain what element?
Which three elements are often found in organic compounds?
List the four forms of organic molecules (macromolecules) we studied.
Can you identify a carbohydrate? For example, which elements are found in all carbohydrates?
Animals store glucose-containing fragments in the form of which carbohydrate?
Polysaccharides are what type of organic molecule?
What are some examples of carbohydrates that you would consume?
Long chains of amino acids make up what type of organic molecule?
What are examples of lipids that you might see in your kitchen?
A solution containing a greater number of hydrogen ions (H +) than hydroxide ions (OH-) is?
A solution with a pH of 5, does it have more hydrogen (H+) or hydroxide ions (OH-)?
Glucose molecules could join together to form what organic molecules, give three (Two are found in plants and One is found in
animals.
What conditions affect the function of enzymes?
What are enzymes, what are their jobs?
The molecule on which an enzyme acts on is called a(n)
How is an enzyme related to activation energy, substrates, and catalyzing reactions?
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CELLS
The smallest units of life are called a ___. Why?
One major difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that?
Give an example of a prokaryotic cell?
The structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell is called?
What is the golgi body (apparatus)?
One important organelle that helps maintain homeostasis by moving supplies from one part of the cell to the other is the?
In which of the following organelles is a cell’s ATP produced?
Refer to the illustration above. Which structure immediately
identifies this cell as a eukaryote?
Refer to the illustration above. The cell uses structure “3” to
carry out what function?
Refer to the illustration above. Structure “1” is?
Refer to the illustration above. In eukaryotic cells,
chromosomes are found in which structure?
Refer to the illustration above. The cell shown is probably an
animal cell because?
Compare both plant and animal cells, how are they the same and how are they different? Create a T-Chart to help you visualize.
What are chloroplasts and how are they related to photosynthesis?
What are vacuoles? How is the size different in an animal versus a plant cell? Why do you think this is so?
What is diffusion? How is concentration of solutions involved?
Compare passive to active transport, which one requires energy? What is the sodium and potassium pump?
What is osmosis? How does the process work?
Molecules that are too large to be moved across a cell membrane can be removed from the cell by?
How do you find the total magnification of an object while looking through a microscope?
To function most efficiently, a cell must be what size? Why?
Which type of molecule forms a lipid bilayer within a cell membrane? Contains phosphate groups.
What are ribosomes? What do they synthesize?
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ENERGY
Most of the energy used by life on Earth comes from the ____?
How does energy flow from the sun through the living world?
What are heterotrophs? Where do they get their energy from?
Many autotrophs obtain the energy they need for metabolism through what process?
What role does ATP play in metabolism? How does it provide the energy for work to be done in chemical reactions?
Give specific examples of where ATP is used in the human body?
Review the equation for cellular respiration. When the glucose gets broken down which molecule is the energy transferred to?
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54. Draw out an ATP molecule. Be sure to illustrate what happens to ATP when work is being done.
55. Compare and Contrast Photosynthesis and Respiration. Be sure to include the equation, which organelle it occurs in, and how
energy is recycled through these cellular processes.
56. The major atmospheric by-product of photosynthesis is ___? The major atmospheric by-product of respiration is ___?
57. Why is chlorophyll green? Or why do most plants appear green?
58. Diagram a cross section of a leaf and identify its parts by function.
59. The source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis is from what reactant molecule?
60. Which graph from above would accurately depict how photosynthesis is affected by increasing light intensity?
CELL REPRODUCTION: CELL CYCLE & MITOSIS
61. The point at which two chromatids are attached to each other in a chromosome is called a(n)
62. Describe the chromosomes in your body cells. Include a picture to supplement your answer.
63. What is mitosis? In what type of cells does this form of cell replication occur?
64. Using the picture above, be able to identify each phase of mitosis, be sure to know which diagram is the start and finish of
mitosis.
65. What is the correct sequence the cell cycle? What is the S, G1, and G2 phases
66. Cells that are not dividing remain in which stage of interphase?
67. The first three phases of the cell cycle are collectively known as?
68. Normal cells become cancer cells when?
69. What is the correct sequence of mitosis? Can you recognize the correct order?
70. During which stage of mitosis do the centromeres divide?
DNA/RNA/ Protein Synthesis
71. Describe the three components of a nucleotide.
72. Draw a DNA model and label: hydrogen bond, phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base.
73. Which bases are purines and pyrimidines?
74. Summarize the steps of DNA replication.
a. what role does DNA helicase and DNA polymerase play in DNA replication?
76. Describe how errors are corrected during DNA replication.