Download Midterm Study Guide Spring_key - Ms Williams

Name: _______________________________
Block: _______ Date: _________________________
The Ultimate Biology Midterm Study
Guide -Spring 2013
STEP 1: Prioritize the areas you are struggling with the most
Objective
Mastery Score
Priority (in your opinion)
high (need to study a lot), medium, low
4.1.1 Organic Molecules
4.1.3 Enzymes
1.1.1 Cell Organelles
1.1.2 Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
1.2.1 Homeostasis & Cellular Transport
4.2.2 Active Transport
4.2.1Bioenergetic Reactions
3.1.1 DNA Structure & Replication
1.2.2 Mitosis
3.2.1 Meiosis
STEP 2: Use your notes to complete the questions!
4.1.1:Organic Molecules
Complete the chart about organic molecules and their monomers.
ORGANIC MOLECULE
MONOMERS (SUBUNITS)
Carbohydrates
(starch and simple sugar)
Lipids
(fats)
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
FUNCTION
glucose
Main source of energy, structural
support
Fatty acids (3) and glycerol
Store energy long term
Amino acids
Control reactions, transport
materials, fight disease, build
muscles and bones
Store and transmit genetic
infomation
Nucleotides
A positive Benedict’s test indicates the presence of a _______simple sugar________.
A positive iodine test indicates the presence of a ____starch___________________.
A positive Buiret’s test indicates the presences a ____protein_______________.
A positive brown paper bag test indicates the presence of a __lipids____________.
Enzymes, hormones, and receptor molecules are all ____proteins__________, which means they are all
compose of amino acids.
6. Which two elements are found in all organic molecules? Use the very back of the textbook if necessary.
7. Label the following as either organic (O) or inorganic (I).
a. Carbon dioxide (CO2) __I____
b. Oxygen (O2) ___I___
c. Glucose (C6H12O6) _O____
d. Water (H2O) _O___
Identify these pictures of organic molecules. Use the textbook if necessary.
Which organic
Picture
Picture
molecule?
Which organic
molecule?
Amino acid
glucose
ATP
DNA
Starch
Protein
lipid
nucelotide
4.1.3: Enzymes
1. Label the enzyme and substrate in the picture to the right.
X-Substrate
Y-Enzyme
2. Enzymes are what type of organic molecule? What are the subunits
Proteins, subunits are amino acids
3. Are enzymes reusable? What does that mean?
They can be used again for another reaction
4. How do pH and temperature alter the activity of an enzyme?
they make an enzyme specific
5. What is it called when enzymes’ lose their shape and
can no longer work? denatured
6. Pepsin is an enzyme involved in digestion. Use the
diagram and graph to the right to answer the
following:
a. In what organ is pepsin located?
stomach
b. What is pepsin’s optimum pH? 3
(monomers)?
1.1.1: Cell Organelles
What is the structure and function of the following organelles?
CELL PART
SKETCH
FUNCTION
TYPE OF CELL
(plant, animal, or both)
Both
Nucleus
Control center, contains
DNA
Controls what enters and
exits the cell
Both
Cell Membrane
protection
plant
Generates energy,
powerhouse
both
Stores water and other
materials
Plants have a large one
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Photosynthesis (makes
food)
plant
Make proteins
both
Cell wall
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Label the plant and animal cells below:
Label the following in
these two cells:
 Nucleus
 Cell membrane
 Cell wall
 Vacuole
 Ribosome
 Mitochondria
 Cytoplasm
 Chloroplast
1. Name three things plant cells have that animal cells DO NOT:
chloroplast, cell wall, large vacuole
2. What would happen if ribosomes were eliminated from a cell?
No proteins made
3. What would happen if the nucleus were eliminated from a cell?
No DNA, cell couldn’t function
4. What would happen if the cell membrane had holes poked in it?
Homeostasis couldn’t be maintained.
1.1.2: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by sorting the words into the correct categories below.
Prokaryotes
Bacteria
No nucleus
Words to sort:
 Animal
 Bacteria
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 DNA
 Membrane-bound
organelles
 Mitochondria
 No nucleus
 Nucleus
 Plant
 Ribosomes
BOTH
DNA
Ribosomes
Cell membrane
cytoplasm
Eukaryotes
Animal
Plant
Membrane-bound
Organelles
Mitochondria
nucleus
1.2.1: Homeostasis& Cellular Transport
1. What is homeostasis? Which STERNGRR characteristic is it?
Complete the following chart about the characteristics of each type of transport.
Active Transport
Type
Material
transported?
Direction?
ATP needed?
Protein needed?
Passive Transport
Facilitated
duffusion
diffusion
large particles
small particles
Low to high
high to low
large particles
osmosis
water
High to low
High to low
yes
no
no
no
yes
no
no
no
2. A cell with 5% salt concentration is placed in a beaker with a 20% salt concentration. Osmosis occurs. Draw
a picture to illustrate what will happen.
5
H 2O
3. A cell with 5% salt concentration is placed in a beaker with a 20% salt concentration. Diffusion occurs. Draw
a picture to illustrate what will happen.
Salt
4.2.2: Active Transport
Use the image to the right for the following questions.
1. How many phosphates (P) are in the molecule to the right? 3
2. What molecule is the energy currency of the cell? ATP
3. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is “recharged” in the mitochondria where which process occurs? Cellular
Respiration
4. A cell with 5 glucose molecules outside and 200 glucose molecules inside needs even MORE glucose inside!
Active transport occurs. Draw a picture to illustrate what will happen.
glucose
low to high
a. Is there a protein involved with active transport? _yes____
b. Is energy (ATP) involved with active transport? __yes___
4.2.1: Bioenergetic reactions
The pictures below illustrate important bioenergetic reactions. List the reactants and products that are involved.
Reactants:
Products:
in
__CO2
_________(gas)
out
___O2________(gas)
__C6H12O6 (glucose)_
H2O_____________
_sunlight______
1. What process is pictured above? photosynthesis
2. In what organelle does this occur? chloroplast
Products:
Reactants:
______O2____(gas)
in
_____C6H12O12_____
out
___CO2_____(gas)
_____H2O______
____ATP________
3. What process is pictured above? Cellular respiration
4. In what organelle does this occur? mitochondria
Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration using the chart below:
Aerobic
Anaerobic
What does the name mean?
With oxygen
Without oxugen
# of ATP produced
36
2
Where does it occur?
mitochondria
cytoplasm
Alcoholic and lactic acid
fermentation
What are the two types?
What type do humans perform &
what does it feel like?
What type is involved with beer
and bread?
Lactic acid, it burns!
Alcoholic, involves yeast
3.1.1: DNA Structure & replication
Label the parts of the nucleotide below.
Parts to label:
 Phosphate
 Deoxyribose
 Nitrogenous base
1. Adenine always pairs with ____Thymine (T)_________
2. Cytosine always pairs with _____Guanine (G)________
3. Thymine always pairs with _____Adenine (A)_________
4. Guanine always pairs with ____Cytosine (C) _________
Label the following picture using the words in the word bank.
Parts to label:
 Cell
 Nucleus
 Chromosome
 DNA
 Gene
Nucleus
5. Why does DNA replicate itself? The new cell will need it’s own DNA
6. If you are given the following original strand of DNA, what will be produced after DNA replication? How
many DNA molecules are made? Are they identical?: each DNA molecule will have a new strand and an
old strand
original:
after replication:
A–T
T–A
C–G
C–G
C–G
7. What bonds hold together the nitrogenous bases?
8. What are the 4 main steps of DNA replication? Briefly describe each and show what happens:
Step
Keyword
unzip
Description
Enzyme (helicase) unzips
DNA by breaking the
hydrogen bonds
copy
Another enzyme copies the
nucleotides
Zip up
Another enzyme zips up the
molecule
proofread
An enzyme (DNA
Polymerase)
1
2
3
4
Picture
1.2.2: Mitosis
1. What are the two main phases of the cell cycle? Label them in the diagram below:
Interphase
mitosis
2. Give the steps of the cell cycle in order below:
Interphase prophase metaphase anaphase telophase  cytokinesis
Put the following images of mitosis in order.
A
B
C
D
Steps in order:
1. A___
2. _D__
3. _F__
4. _C__
5. _B__
E
6. _E__
F
3.2.1: Meiosis
1. Define somatic cell:
a regular body cell
2. Define gamete:
a sex cell
3. What are the two types of gamete (male and female?) Draw them below:
egg
sperm
Compare and contrast haploid and diploid below by sorting the words into the correct category:
haploid
N
Sperm
Egg
diploid
2n
Zygote
Liver cell
Heart cell
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
embryo
Classify the following as
haploid or diploid.
 N









2n
Sperm
Egg
Zygote (fertilized egg)
Liver cell
Heart cell
Nerve cell
Muscle cell
Embryo
4. What is a zygote? How is it formed? How many chromosomes does it have? Draw a picture.
A zygote is a fertilized egg, formed by the joining of eggs and sperm.
n
+
n
+
=
Complete the following table comparing the two types of cellular division.
MITOSIS
asexual
Type of reproduction
(Asexual or sexual)
2n
Chromosome number of
original cell (n or 2n)
2n
Chromosome number of
daughter cells (n or 2n)
1
Number of cell divisions
Number of cells produced
50 chromosomes in parental cell,
how many in daughter cells?
2n
=
MEIOSIS
sexual
2n
n
2
2
4
50
25
5. What does “variation” mean? Does it occur in sexual or asexual reproduction?
Complete the chart below about different types of variation.
SOURCES OF VARIATION
Brief description
Chromosomes exchange
pieces
Crossing over
Picture/image/example
Gene mutations
Nondisjunction
Egg and sperm join
Fertilization
6. Mitosis or Meiosis? Fill in the blank with “Mitosis,” “Meiosis,” or “Both!”
a. I make genetically identical cells. ___mitosis____
b. I help to increase genetic variation. ___meiosis________
c. I start with one cell and divide twice. _meiosis______________
d. DNA replication must happen before I do. ___both_______
e. I make diploid cells. ___mitosis___________
f. I divide once to make two new cells. ___mitosis_________
7. List 3 ways that an organism might use MITOSIS in its lifetime:
a. growth
b. replacing skin cells
c. embryonic development
5. Put the following words in the order (a CYCLE) that they must happen to make a new individual. Start with
gametes: Mitosis, Meiosis, Fertilization, Gametes, Adult, Zygote, Embryo
Meiosis gametes fertilizationzygote embryoadult