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DO NOW
8/20/14
 Which type of connective tissue does each of
the following:
 Strongly connect things: _______________
 Absorb shock in our joints: _____________
 Store fat: _______________
 Provide the framework for the
body:________
 Connects epithelia to deeper
tissue:__________
 Transport and maintain an internal balance:
______________________
DO NOW 8/20/14
 Which type of connective tissue does each of
the following:
 Strongly connect things: Dense Conn. Tiss.
 Absorb shock in our joints: Cartilage
 Store fat: Adipose Tissue
 Provide the framework for the body: Bone
 Connects epithelia to deeper tissue: Loose
Conn. Tiss.
 Transport and maintain an internal balance:
Blood
TODAY’S TISSUES: MUSCLE &
NERVOUS
By the end of class, we will
be able to describe the
structure and function of
muscle and nervous tissue.
MUSCLE TISSUE
 Location:
 Makes the heart
 Attached to bones
 Surrounds the walls of
some organs
 Purpose:
 Movement
Facts: Contractile
CLASSIFICATIONS…
Smooth
(involuntary)
intestines
Skeletal
(voluntary)
bicep
Cardiac
(involuntary)
Heart
STRIATIONS
 Alternating light and dark bands due to
overlapping protein filaments
 Found in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue
Types of
Muscle Tissue
Structure
Skeletal
Long, striated
fibers, many
nuclei
Cardiac
Short, striated
fibers, one or
two nuclei,
intercalated
discs
Smooth
Nonstriated,
one nucleus
Function
(voluntary/
involuntary)
Location
Picture
MUSCLE CRAMPS…
Involuntary or voluntary?
WHY?
Sick, over-exertion,
dehydration
NERVOUS TISSUE…
Location:
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Purpose:
Receive, process, and regulate
sensory information
NEURONS AND GLIAL CELLS
Neurons
 Send nerve impulses
Glial Cells
 Support, protect,
nourish neurons
FACTS…
Nerve cells (Neurons) connect to each
other and other body parts
There are over 7 TRILLION neurons in
the body
There are over 1 BILLION nerves
TISSUE POSTERS
 Four types of tissue
 Location of tissue
 Purpose/function of each tissue
 Classification of tissue
 Drawing of each type of tissue
 Creativity/color
 Neatness
HOMEOSTASIS
HOMEOSTASIS
 Maintaining a healthy environment inside the body with the
organs working together to control factors within normal
boundaries such as:





body temperature
blood pressure
blood sugar
water balance
sodium levels
Stimulus
Change in variable
Receptor
Afferent
pathway
Structure that detects change in variable
Efferent
pathway
Control Center
Initiates change
based on input from
receptor
Effector
Structure that causes change to stimulus
Homeostasis
Internal balance returned
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
 Conditions exceeding a set limit in one direction triggers a
reaction in the opposite direction
EXAMPLE OF NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK
 Body temperature rises above normal temperature
 Body receptors detect change in temperature
 Hypothalamus in the brain trigger signals to different organs
 Human body starts sweating
 Evaporation of sweat on the skin cools the body
 Blood vessels close to the skin dilate to help release heat
Write an example of a negative feedback loop if the body became too
cold. Include stimulus, receptors, control center, effectors.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
 Conditions exceeding a set
limit in one direction trigger a
reaction in the same direction
HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE
 Organ systems have a diminished ability to keep the body’s
internal environment in a certain range
 Example: type II diabetes
 Insulin controls blood sugar levels and moves glucose out of
bloodstream
 Pancreas does not make enough insulin or cells do not respond
normally to insulin
 Could lead to kidney failure, limb amputations, blindness
METABOLISM
 Metabolism = all chemical operations within the body
 Anabolism = complex proteins constructed from simpler
proteins
 Catabolism = complex proteins broken down into simpler
proteins
 ATP from food we eat
EXIT TICKET
1. All chemical operations going on
within the body are collectively
known as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Syndrome
Pathology
2. Which body systems typically
initiate homeostatic responses?
3. In breast feeding, the harder and
more frequent the infant suckles, the
more milk is produced and secreted
from the mammary glands and
ducts. This phenomenon is called:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Metabolism
Anabolism
Negative feedback
Positive feedback
4. Describe what homeostasis is and
how it helps to maintain health.
WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER
ABOUT THE CELL MEMBRANE?
1. What does semi-permeable mean?
2. What is 1 thing the cell might want to let in?
3. What is 1 thing the cell might want to keep out?
4. Draw a sketch of the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer)
and label a protein and a phospholipid.
CELL MEMBRANE
 Composed of phospholipid bilayer (polar heads, nonpolar tails) and
proteins
 Integral proteins = embedded within
 Peripheral proteins = not embedded within, attached loosely to the surface
 Semi-permeable = only allows certain materials in and out of cell
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
 Why? – cells must bring in
nutrients and release waste
without spending energy
 How? – the desire or “urge”
to reach equilibrium
 Concentration gradient
 What? – Diffusion
 small materials move in
and out of a cell until
equilibrium is established
TYPES OF DIFFUSION
 Simple diffusion = small nonpolar molecules
moving down their concentration gradient that
cannot be stopped by the membrane
 Facilitated diffusion = small charged or polar
solutes assisted through the cell membrane by
channel proteins
 Osmosis = water enters and leaves the cell from
high concentration to low concentration
http://programs.northlandcollege.edu/biology/bio
logy1111/animations/transport1.html
TONICITY
 Isotonic – solution and cell have same concentration of ions
 Hypotonic – solution has lower concentration of ions than cell
 Hypertonic – solution has higher concentration of ions than cell
PRACTICE…
 Describe the tonicity of the solution.
 Describe the tonicity of the cell.
 Explain how the cell will achieve homeostasis.
TONICITY
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
 Why? – living cells often require the uptake of
molecules that are scarce in their environment
 How? – Cell uses energy to transport something
from low to high concentration across the cell
membrane
 Ex: Sodium Potassium (Na+/K+) Pump
THE DOCTOR SAYS…
1. The liver produces a protein called albumin. The
major function of albumin is to exert osmotic
pressure to pull fluid back into the blood. Predict
what happens to osmotic pressure in a patient who
has cirrhosis of the liver and is not producing
adequate levels of albumin.
2. In a patient with pneumonia (a respiratory condition
that results in lower levels of oxygen in the blood),
will diffusion of oxygen increase, decrease, or stay
the same in comparison to normal? Explain.
AREAS TO REVIEW FOR THE TEST
 Body regions
 Relative directions
 Body cavities
 Characteristics of life
 Cell organelles – function
 Cell cycle – cancer, stem cells
 Homeostasis/metabolism
 Active & passive transport
SPELLING COUNTS!