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DNA TESTING Class Notes DNA DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is a molecule in your body that carries your genetic information. Chromosomes Chromosomes are tightly compacted DNA. Human beings have a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes. Genes Genes are your actual genetic material located on your chromosomes / DNA. Chromosomes The first 22 pair of chromosomes are called Autosomes. The 23rd chromosome is known as the sex chromosome because it determines the gender of the individual. Gametes Sex cells are known as gametes. The female gamete is called the egg cell or ova. The male gamete is called spermazoa or sperm. The male sperm carry either the x or y chromosome into the egg cell, so therefore determine the sex of the cell. Alleles Alleles are a specific form of a gene. An example would be an allele for eye color is blue eyes or brown eyes. The genotype is the genetic makeup of a gene. The phenotype is the physical characteristic of a gene. Homozygous vs. Heterozygous Alleles Homozygous Alleles have identical genotypes. Heterozygous Alleles have different genotypes. Example of Homozygous Brown Eyes: BB Example of Heterozygous Brown Eyes: Bb Paternity Tests To perform a paternity test, the blood group genotypes of the suspected parents and offspring are compared. Routine paternity tests also involve a test looking for a specific antigen (HLA: Human Leukocyte Antigen) on white blood cells. DNA testing is also done to establish paternity beyond 99% Testing for Semen Serologists look for the enzyme, acid phosphate. The color test for this enzyme is called the acid phophatase test. If acid phosphate is present they know it is most likely semen. Testing for Semen Semen can also be identified through microscopic examination. The normal male releases 250 – 600 million spermatozoa during ejaculation. Spermatozoa are not often found in seminal fluid due to: 1) they bind tightly to cloth such as underwear. 2) they are extremely brittle when dry and easily disintegrate. 3) some crimes involve individuals with little to no sperm count. This is called Oligospermia or Aspermia. Conclusive Spermazoa Test The test most often used to absolutely prove the presence of semen is a test looking for the protein called prostate specific antigen or p30. The following will be collected from a rape victim: 1) Pubic combings. 2) Pubic hair as a standard / reference sample. 3) External genital / dry-skin areas. 4) Vaginal swabs / smear. 5) Cervix Swab 6) Rectal Swab and Smear The following will be collected from a rape victim: 7) Oral Swabs and Smear 8) Head Hairs 9) Blood Sample 10) Fingernail Scrapings 11) All Clothing 12) Urine Specimen Male suspects 1) All Clothing 2) Pubic Hair Combings 3) Pulled head and pubic hair as a standard / reference sample 4) Penile swabs within 24 hours of assault 5) Blood Sample or Buccal Swab for DNA