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Respiration Fig. 9-6-3 Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2 Electrons carried via NADH Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Cytosol ATP ATP ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Substrate-level phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Cellular Respiration • Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration • Glycolysis – anaerobic • Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain – Take Place in mitochondria – Aerobic ATP Yield • Process – Glycolysis – Kreb’s Cycle – Electron Transport Chain • Net ATP Yield –2 –2 – 32-34 Glycolysis (animation 2) 1) Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase – Which transfers P from ATP glucose producing… – Glucose 6-phosphate 2) The enzyme phosphoisomerase transforms the molecule from glucose 6phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate – Structural change from hexose to pentose Fig. 9-9-1 Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate Glycolysis 1) Glucose is phosphorylated by hexokinase – Which transfers P from ATP glucose producing… – Glucose 6-phosphate 2) The enzyme phosphoisomerase transforms the molecule from glucose 6phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate – Structural change from hexose to pentose Fig. 9-9-2 Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose-6-phosphate 3) The enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to form Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate – 2 Phosphates attached molecule ready to split 4) The enzyme adolase breaks the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two 3 carbon molecules – G3P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 5) Isomerase converts the previous 2 molecules into G3P – Glyceraldehyde 3Phosphate Fig. 9-9-3 Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase ATP 3 Phosphofructokinase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP 3 Phosphofructokinase ADP ADP Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate 3) The enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to form Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate – 2 Phosphates attached molecule ready to split 4) The enzyme adolase breaks the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into two 3 carbon molecules – G3P and Dihydroxyacetone phosphate 5) Isomerase converts the previous 2 molecules into G3P – Glyceraldehyde 3Phosphate Fig. 9-9-4 Glucose ATP 1 Hexokinase ADP Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate 4 Fructose-6-phosphate ATP Aldolase 3 Phosphofructokinase ADP 5 Isomerase Fructose1, 6-bisphosphate 4 Aldolase 5 Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate Note to class- I am slowing removing some of the names of the molecules you do not need to know See Handout 4 names 6) The two G3P molecules gain P and are oxidized, forming 2NADH + 2H+ 7) Phosphoglycerokinase catalyzes P from the molecule forming 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 8) The enzyme phosphoglycermutase changes the position of the phosphate group Fig. 9-9-5 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 Pi 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate 2 NAD+ 2 NADH 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 Pi + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Note to class- I am slowing removing some of the names of the molecules you do not need to know See Handout 4 names 6) The two G3P molecules gain P and are oxidized, forming 2NADH + 2H+ 7) Phosphoglycerokinase catalyzes P from the molecule forming 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 8) The enzyme phosphoglycermutase changes the position of the phosphate group Fig. 9-9-6 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 Pi 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 ATP 2 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 3-Phosphoglycerate Note to class- I am slowing removing some of the names of the molecules you do not need to know See Handout 4 names 6) The two G3P molecules gain P and are oxidized, forming 2NADH + 2H+ 7) Phosphoglycerokinase catalyzes P from the molecule forming 2 ATP (substrate level phosphorylation) 8) The enzyme phosphoglycermutase changes the position of the phosphate group Fig. 9-9-7 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 Pi 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 2 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase 2 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 9) Enolase removes water from both carbon chains 10) The enzyme pyruvate kinase mediates the transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to 2ADP forming to 2ATP- the final molecule is PYRUVATE -2 Pyruvates Fig. 9-9-8 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 Pi 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 2-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 9 2 2 H2O 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase 9 Enolase 2 H2O 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 9) Enolase removes water from both carbon chains 10) The enzyme pyruvate kinase mediates the transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to 2ADP forming to 2ATP- the final molecule is PYRUVATE -2 Pyruvates Fig. 9-9-9 2 NAD+ 6 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 Pi 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 7 Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 8 Phosphoglyceromutase 2 ATP 2 10 Pyruvate kinase 2-Phosphoglycerate 9 2 H2O Enolase 2 Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 ADP 10 Pyruvate kinase 2 ATP 2 2 Pyruvate Pyruvate Products of Glycolysis • 2 ATP NET (4 ATP gross) • 2 Pyruvates (pyruvic acid) • 2 NADH Fermentation • • • • Anaerobic process Regeneration of NAD+ Produces waste 1)Lactic Acid – Prokaryotes and Muscle Cells – Pyruvate + 2H+ + NADH Lactic Acid + NAD+ • 2) Alcohol – Yeast (fungus) – Pyruvate + 2H+ + NADH Ethanol + CO2 + NAD+ • 2 Steps – CO2 is removed and then NADH is used to convert molecule to Ethanol Fig. 9-18a 2 ADP + 2 P i Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate 2 NAD+ 2 Ethanol (a) Alcohol fermentation 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 CO2 2 Acetaldehyde Fig. 9-18b 2 ADP + 2 P i Glucose 2 ATP Glycolysis 2 NAD+ 2 NADH + 2 H+ 2 Pyruvate 2 Lactate (b) Lactic acid fermentation Mitochondrial Structure Cytoplasm C C ATP Synthase C Kreb Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) • Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix • Occurs 2X per 1 Glucose molecule – 2 Pyruvates Fig. 9-10 CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION NAD+ NADH + H+ 2 1 Pyruvate Transport protein 3 CO2 Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA Kreb Cycle - Draw on Board Fig. 9-12-8 Acetyl CoA CoA—SH NADH +H+ H2O 1 NAD+ 8 Oxaloacetate 2 Malate Citrate Isocitrate NAD+ Citric acid cycle 7 H2O NADH + H+ 3 CO2 Fumarate CoA—SH 6 -Ketoglutarate 4 CoA—SH 5 FADH2 NAD+ FAD Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP Pi Succinyl CoA NADH + H+ CO2 – Acetyl CoA formation generates 1 NADH • 2 per glucose – The cycle oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate, generating 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per turn • 2,6,2 per glucose – 2,8,2 Electron Transport Chain • Takes place along the inner membrane of mitochondria – Uses NADH and FADH2 – Oxidative Phosphorylation = ETC + chemiosmosis Fig. 9-16 H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex of electron carriers Cyt c V Q ATP synthase FADH2 NADH 2 H+ + 1/2O2 H2O FAD NAD+ ADP + P i (carrying electrons from food) ATP H+ 1 Electron transport chain Oxidative phosphorylation 2 Chemiosmosis ETC • NADH and FADH2 (produced during krebs cycle) are stored in the matrix 1. NADH releases protons and electrons on the matrix side A. Protons are pumped into the intermembrance space B. Electrons are transported across the membrane using ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) and cytochrome C ETC Cont 2. FADH2 drops protons and electrons at ubiquinone – See A and B on previous slide 3. Protons diffuse through ATP synthase to produce 32-34 ATPs (oxidative phosphorylation) 4. The cytochrome oxidative complex O2 + electron + H+ yield to form H2O Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration • The proton gradient is produced by the movement of electrons along the electron transport chain. • Several chain molecules can use the exergonic flow of electrons to pump H+ from the matrix to the intermembrane space. – This concentration of H+ is the protonmotive force. • The ATP synthase molecules are the only place that will allow H+ to diffuse back to the matrix. • This exergonic flow of H+ is used by the enzyme to generate ATP. • This coupling of the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis is called chemiosmosis. • How efficient is respiration in generating ATP? – Complete oxidation of glucose releases 686 kcal per mole. – Formation of each ATP requires at least 7.3 kcal/mole. – Efficiency of respiration is 7.3 kcal/mole x 38 ATP/glucose/686 kcal/mole glucose = 40%. – The other approximately 60% is lost as heat. Cellular Respiration Overview