* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download History of Psych
Operant conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Occupational health psychology wikipedia , lookup
Symbolic behavior wikipedia , lookup
Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship wikipedia , lookup
Buddhism and psychology wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Theory of planned behavior wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Personality psychology wikipedia , lookup
Theory of reasoned action wikipedia , lookup
Humanistic psychology wikipedia , lookup
Index of psychology articles wikipedia , lookup
Cyberpsychology wikipedia , lookup
Behavioral modernity wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive science wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical psychology wikipedia , lookup
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Psychological behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Organizational behavior wikipedia , lookup
Cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
Descriptive psychology wikipedia , lookup
International psychology wikipedia , lookup
Educational psychology wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Sociobiology wikipedia , lookup
Political psychology wikipedia , lookup
Social psychology wikipedia , lookup
Conservation psychology wikipedia , lookup
Music psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive psychology wikipedia , lookup
Experimental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Cross-cultural psychology wikipedia , lookup
The History of Psychology Prescientific Psychology Is the mind connected to the body or distinct? Are ideas inborn or is the mind a blank slate filled by experience? What is Psychology? The science of behavior and the mind behavior - observable actions of a person or animal mind - thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences science an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts / data and well described methods What is Psychology? Definition: psyche = mind ology = the study of psychology is the scientific study of behavior & mental processes Goals describe, explain, predict, control…behavior & mental processes Hoarders What is Psychology? What is Psychology? A set of questions about mental functioning trace back to philosophy Aristotle asked about memory, personality, emotions, etc. A set of theories and procedures for asking and answering questions the scientific method evolved over centuries, first in physics A product of history philosophy asked many of the basic questions physiology used similar methods Philosophical Developments A Question: How are mind and body related? Dualism - body and soul are separate but interrelated origins in medieval religion soul is seat of intellectual function and will mind is product of the soul mind not subject to scientific inquiry to challenge this was punishable by death Philosophical Developments A Question: How are mind and body related? Rene Descartes (1596-1650) - modified dualism since animals have no soul, much behavior does not require soul the body can therefore control much behavior led him to study reflexes the soul’s main function is thought, a uniquely human attribute Philosophical Developments A Question: How are mind and body related? Materialism: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) mind is a product of the brain soul is not involved in human behavior Empiricism: Psychological Science Is Born knowledge and intellect are acquired sensory experiences produce elementary ideas elementary ideas become associated into complex thought and ideas Science flourishes through observation and experiment Philosophical Developments Another Question: Empiricism vs. Nativism Nativism is the view that elementary ideas are innate If knowledge is innate What is the purpose of education? Can intellect be changed by experience? Are abilities determined by our genes or our experiences? This is known as Nature vs. Nurture appears throughout modern psychology Phinease Gage video Foundations of Modern Psychology Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Theory of natural selection (1859) physical characteristics evolve through natural selection behavioral patterns also influence selection inborn knowledge and behavioral tendencies with survival value are passed on Human beings are part of nature and can be understood through the methods of science Foundations of Modern Psychology Natural selection principle that those inherited trait variations contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations Foundations of Modern Psychology Darwin’s theory encouraged scientific inquiry 19th century developments in physiology demonstrated the approach to use based on scientific methods, controlled laboratory experiments influential beliefs from early physiology reflexology - all human behaviors occur through reflexes localization of function - specific structures of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experiences and behavior Foundations of Modern Psychology Separated from philosophy in 19th century influences from physiology remain Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) “Father of Psychology” Leipzig, Germany wrote the first psychology textbook applied laboratory techniques to study of the mind structuralism – Early Approach identify ‘atoms’ of the mind focused on basic sensory and perceptual processes measured reaction times Structuralism used introspection (looking in) to explore the elemental structure of the human mind Other Pioneers William James (1842-1910) Concerned with how mental processes are used by human and animals in adapting to their environment. Broadened psychology to include behavior as well as mental processes Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) emphasizes the role of unconscious mental forces & conflicts in determining behavior importance of repressed sexual & aggressive impulses (current & past) Functionalism focused on how behavioral processes function- how they enable organism to adapt, survive, and flourish Other Pioneers Alfred Binet (1857-1911) French intelligence researcher developed first intelligence test Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Russian physiologist discovered conditioned reflexes B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) American psychologist at Harvard studied learning and effect of reinforcement behaviorism Psychology’s Perspectives A lot depends on your viewpoint Perspectives Perspective is a way of viewing phenomena Psychology has multiple perspectives ethological (neuro)-biological Psychoanalytic Humanistic cognitive cross- cultural social Ethology The study of animal behavior in the natural environment rather than in a lab setting Influenced by Darwin and the emphasis on innate, adaptive behavior patterns European approach to studying behavior founded by animal researchers, Lorenz and Tinbergen (Neuro) Biological Perspective Study the physiological mechanisms in the brain and nervous system that organize and control behavior Focus may be at various levels individual neurons areas of the brain specific functions like eating, emotion or learning Interest in behavior distinguishes biological psychology from many other biological sciences Behavioral Approach Study of behavior because it is observable and measurable, and therefore objective and scientific Behavior is determined primarily by environment (no free will) Positive reinforcement- add something good Negative reinforcement-take away something bad. Clinical Perspective View of behavior based on experience treating patients Psychoanalytic approach (Sigmund Freud ) both a method of treatment and a theory of the mind behavior reflects combinations of conscious and unconscious influences drives and urges within the unconscious component of mind influence thought and behavior early childhood experiences shape unconscious motivations Clinical Perspective Humanistic approach developed by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers focuses on the uniqueness of human beings and their capacity for choice, growth/betterment, and psychological health focus on conscious forces and self perception-based on free will More positive view of basic forces than Freud’s Cultural Psychology The study of psychological differences among people living in different cultural groups How are people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior influenced by their culture? What are the common elements across culture? Are these innate? Cognitive Perspective How is knowledge acquired, organized, remembered, and used to guide behavior ? Influences include Piaget - studied intellectual development Chomsky - studied language Cybernetics - science of information processing Psychology’s Perspectives The Profession of Psychology American Psychological Association had 52 divisions in 1998 Some represent areas of training and specialization (e.g., developmental, clinical) Some are applied (i.e., teaching in psychology, psychology and the law) Areas of Specialization Clinical abnormal behavior and psychological disorders psychologist vs. psychiatrist Health psychology psychological factors in physical healthy Stop smoking, lose weight, manage stress, stay physically fit, etc. Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Biological and Personality 8% Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Developmental 6% Psychology 15% School 3% Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Developmental psychological change over the life span: Biological and intellectually, socially, Experimental and emotionally 16% Other social, cognitive, Psychology 15% personality School Clinical counseling and 36% guidance in school settings Educational learning and teaching Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Personality 8% Educational 3% Developmental 6% School 3% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Physiobiology Study structure and function of brain and central nervous system Experimental basic laboratory focus animals or humans learning, memory, motivation, cognition, perception, and language. Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Biological and Personality 8% Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Developmental 6% Psychology 15% School 3% Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Social social influences on cognition and emotion attitudes and beliefs Personality Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Biological and Personality 8% Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Developmental 6% Psychology 15% School 3% individual differences perception by others Industrial/organizational people and work job satisfaction training and selection Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Areas of Specialization Forensic analyzes crime evidence and aids in criminal investigations. Sports Counsels athletes on how to achieve peak performance through self talk Human factors Basic research on human abilities as they relate to the operation of machines and computers. Industrial/Organizational 3% Social and Biological and Personality 8% Experimental 16% Educational 3% Other Developmental 6% Psychology 15% School 3% Clinical 36% Counseling 10% Professional Work Settings Colleges and universities Clinical settings Elementary and secondary schools Business Government Employment Settings of Psychologists Business & Industry School Private Practice Universities & College Average Salary: $30,000-$45,000 a year Government Psychology vs Psychiatry Psychologist Psychiatrist Trained in psychology, no medical school Medical School Cannot prescribe drugs Can prescribe drugs Can have a PHD or Psy.D Use medical treatments Can use behavioral modifications and some medical treatments (as long as there is not medicine involved) Has done residency in general medicine Pay usually under $50,000 Pay usually over $110,000