Download ppt

Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together
by dehydration synthesis reactions
C. Proteins
1. Structure
monomer = amino acid
polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together
by dehydration synthesis reactions
VARIABLE... 20 "letters" can make a very diverse "language" of words...
C. Proteins
1. Structure
2. Functions
a. energy storage... but since they probably do other things, these are
metabolized last...
b. structure
- after water, animals are mostly protein
collagen, elastin, actin, myosin, etc...
c. metabolic - enzymes
d. transport
- in the cell membrane
- hemoglobin and other transport proteins
e. immunity: antibodies are proteins
Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
D. Lipids
1. Structure
monomer = fatty acid
D. Lipids
1. Structure
monomer = fatty acid
Mammal, bird, reptile fats - saturated - solid at room temp
Plants, fish - often unsaturated - liquid at room temp.
Unsaturated fats can be 'hydrogenated' (peanut butter)
D. Lipids
1. Structure
transfats associated with atherosclerosis
D. Lipids
1. Structure
polymer = fat (triglyceride)
D. Lipids
1. Structure
polymer = fat (triglyceride)
phospholipid
D. Lipids
1. Structure
2. Function
a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds
b. Cell membranes
c. insulation
d. homones and cholesterol derivatives
Atoms and Bonds
I. Atoms
II. Bonds
III. Biologically Important Molecules
A. Water
B. Carbohydrates
C. Proteins
D. Lipids
E. Nucleic Acids
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
- sugar:
Ribose in RNA
Deoxyribose in DNA
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
- sugar:
:
Ribose in RNA
Deoxyribose in DNA
- Phosphate group (PO4)
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
- sugar:
Ribose in RNA
Deoxyribose in DNA
- Phosphate group (PO4)
- Nitrogenous Base
DNA = (A, C, G, T)
RNA = (A, C, G, U)
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
a. Monomer = nucleotide
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
2. DNA and RNA Function
a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for
proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules
determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked
together to form a protein.
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
2. DNA and RNA Function
a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for
proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules
determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked
together to form a protein.
b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions;
they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)
E. Nucleic Acids
1. DNA and RNA Structure
2. DNA and RNA Function
a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for
proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules
determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked
together to form a protein.
b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions;
they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes)
c. Some RNA molecules bind to RNA or RNA and regulate
the expression of these molecules, turning them off.
Cell Biology
Van Leeuwenhoek
and his microscope
Robert Hooke, and
his drawing of cells
Schleiden and Schwann
Cell Biology
I.
Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
(eubacteria and archaea)
- no nucleus
- no organelles
- binary fission
- small (0.2 – 2.0 um)
Cell Biology
I.
Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
- biofilms
Staphyloccocus aureus biofilm
Cell Biology
I.
Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
(protists, plants,
fungi, animals)
- nucleus
- organelles
- mitosis
- larger (10-100 um)
Cell Biology
I.
Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in
Cell Biology
I.
Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in
- break it down and
harvest energy
(enzymes needed)
mitochondria
ADP +P
ATP
Cell Biology
I.
Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in
- break it down and
harvest energy
(enzymes needed)
and
- transform radiant energy
to chemical energy
chloroplast
ADP +P
ATP
mitochondria
ADP +P
ATP
Cell Biology
I.
Overview
A. Types of Cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
B. How Cells Live
- take stuff in
- break it down and
ADP +P
harvest energy
(enzymes needed)
- use energy to make stuff
(like enzymes and other proteins,
and lipids, polysaccharides, and
nucleic acids)
- DNA determines sequence of
amino acids in enzymes and other
proteins
ATP
ribosome
ADP +P
ATP
ribosome
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
1. phospholipids
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
2. proteins and carbohydrates
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
Aqueous Solution (outside cell)
Aqueous Solution (inside cell)
dissolved ions
dissolved ions
dissolved polar molecules
dissolved polar molecules
suspended non-polar
(lipid soluble)
suspended non-polar
(lipid soluble)
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
equilibrium
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport - diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Net diffusion
Equilibrium
equilibrium
Equilibrium
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport - osmosis
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport – facilitated diffusion
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport – active transport
Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to
the sodium-potassium pump
Na+ binding stimulates
phosphorylation by ATP.
Phosphorylation causes
the protein to change its
conformation, expelling Na+
to the outside.
Extracellular K+ binds
to the protein, triggering
release of the phosphate
group.
Loss of the phosphate
restores the protein’s
original conformation.
K+ is released and Na+
sites are receptive again;
the cycle repeats.
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport
3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)
4. signal transduction
Cell Biology
I. Overview
II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells
A. Membrane Structure
B. Membrane Function
1. semi-permeable barrier
2. transport
3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane)
4. signal transduction
5. cell-cell binding
6. cell recognition
7. cytoskeleton attachment
Cellular Respiration
Chemical
Potential Energy
CATABOLISM
ENERGY FOR:
ANABOLISM
“ENTROPY”
WORK
+
Energy
Coupled
Reaction
+
Energy
+
Energy
Coupled
Reaction
ATP
ADP + P +
Coupled
Reaction
+
Energy
Energy
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
MONOMERS
and WASTE
MATTER and
ENERGY in
FOOD
DIGESTION AND CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
ADP + P
ATP
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present?
Aerobic Resp.
Oxygen Absent?
Anaerobic Resp.
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present?
Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
Focus on core process…
Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present?
Gateway
CAC
ETC
LOTS OF ATP
Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
1. Glycolysis:
- Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas.
- All cells do this! (very primitive pathway)
- Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
1. Glycolysis:
C6H12O6
2 C3 and energy released
some of the energy is trapped in weak
bonds between ADP + P…. Making ATP.
Some is trapped in bonds made between
NAD + H…. Making NADH
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
1. Glycolysis
2. Aerobic Respiration
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
1. Glycolysis
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose)
a - Gateway step: 2C3
2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
LE 9-10
Gateway step: 2C3
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
The C3 molecules produced in the cytoplasm cross into the
mitochondria, and one C is broken off (as CO2), and the energy
released from breaking this bond is trapped in NAD + H  NADH.
energy harvested as NADH
NAD+
NADH
+ H+
Acetyl Co A
Pyruvate
Transport protein
CO2
Coenzyme A
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
1. Glycolysis
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose)
a - Gateway step: 2C3
2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule
(citrate)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2)
and NAD accepts the energy…at
this point the acetyl group has
been split!!
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2)
and NAD accepts the energy…at
this point the acetyl group has
been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged,
regenerating the oxaloacetate;
releasing energy that is stored in
ATP, FADH, and NADH.
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4
(oxaloacetate), making a C6
molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and
NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2)
and NAD accepts the energy…at
this point the acetyl group has
been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged,
regenerating the oxaloacetate;
releasing energy that is stored in
ATP, FADH, and NADH.
5. In summary, the C2 acetyl is split
and the energy released is
trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3
NADH. (this occurs for EACH of
the 2 pyruvates from the initial
glucose).
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
1. Glycolysis
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration
a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose)
b - Gateway step: 2C3
2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl)
4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
LE 9-13
NADH
STORES
ENERGY
ATP
50
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
FADH2
40
FMN
I
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
Fe•S II
Fe•S
Q
ADP + P
III
Cyt b
30
Fe•S
electron
Cyt c1
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
IV
Cyt c
Cyt a
Cyt a3
20
RELEASES
ENERGY
10
0
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
ATP
LE 9-13
NADH
NADH gives up the high-energy
STORES electron (and the H+ ion) to the
ENERGY proteins in the mitochondrial
membrane.
ATP
50
Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol)
FADH2
40
FMN
I
Multiprotein
complexes
FAD
Fe•S II
Fe•S
Q
ADP + P
III
Cyt b
30
Fe•S
electron
Cyt c1
Glycolysis
Citric
acid
cycle
ATP
ATP
Oxidative
phosphorylation:
electron transport
and chemiosmosis
IV
Cyt c
Cyt a
ATP
Cyt a3
20
as the electron is passed down
the chain, energy is released
that is trapped by adding P to
ADP, making ATP.
RELEASES
ENERGY
10
Oxygen gas splits, and each oxygen
0
atom accepts two electrons, and two
H+ ions to balance its charge,
producing water as a waste product.
2 H+ + 1/2 O2
H2O
HEY!!! Here’s the first
time O2 shows up!!! It
is the final electron
acceptor, and water is
produced as a waste
product!
VII. Cellular Respiration
Overview:
1. Glycolysis
2. Anaerobic Respiration
3. Aerobic Respiration
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
- OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR
- WATER is produced as a metabolic waste
- All carbons in glucose have been separated, and are expelled as
the waste gas, CO2.
- Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP.
AND SO THIS IS HOW THE ENERGY IN YOUR FOOD IS HARVESTED BY EACH CELL IN
YOUR BODY, AND EACH CELL IN MOST OTHER LIVING THINGS . CARBON DIOXIDE
IS THE WASTE PRODUCT FROM FOOD DIGESTION AT A CELLULAR LEVEL,
AND THE OXYGEN YOU BREATHE IN IS CONVERTED TO WATER.
FOOD
ATP
ANABOLISM
CO2, water, and waste
ADP + P
WORK
Phosphorylation of myosin
causes it to toggle and bond
to actin; release of
phosphate causes it to
return to low energy state
and pull actin…contraction.
FOOD
ATP
ANABOLISM
CO2, water, and waste
ADP + P
WORK