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Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins C. Proteins 1. Structure monomer = amino acid C. Proteins 1. Structure monomer = amino acid C. Proteins 1. Structure monomer = amino acid polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions C. Proteins 1. Structure monomer = amino acid polymer = polypeptide - chain 100-300 amino acids long linked together by dehydration synthesis reactions VARIABLE... 20 "letters" can make a very diverse "language" of words... C. Proteins 1. Structure 2. Functions a. energy storage... but since they probably do other things, these are metabolized last... b. structure - after water, animals are mostly protein collagen, elastin, actin, myosin, etc... c. metabolic - enzymes d. transport - in the cell membrane - hemoglobin and other transport proteins e. immunity: antibodies are proteins Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids D. Lipids 1. Structure monomer = fatty acid D. Lipids 1. Structure monomer = fatty acid Mammal, bird, reptile fats - saturated - solid at room temp Plants, fish - often unsaturated - liquid at room temp. Unsaturated fats can be 'hydrogenated' (peanut butter) D. Lipids 1. Structure transfats associated with atherosclerosis D. Lipids 1. Structure polymer = fat (triglyceride) D. Lipids 1. Structure polymer = fat (triglyceride) phospholipid D. Lipids 1. Structure 2. Function a. energy storage - long term - densely packed bonds b. Cell membranes c. insulation d. homones and cholesterol derivatives Atoms and Bonds I. Atoms II. Bonds III. Biologically Important Molecules A. Water B. Carbohydrates C. Proteins D. Lipids E. Nucleic Acids E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide - sugar: Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide - sugar: : Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA - Phosphate group (PO4) E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide - sugar: Ribose in RNA Deoxyribose in DNA - Phosphate group (PO4) - Nitrogenous Base DNA = (A, C, G, T) RNA = (A, C, G, U) E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure a. Monomer = nucleotide E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure 2. DNA and RNA Function a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein. E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure 2. DNA and RNA Function a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein. b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes) E. Nucleic Acids 1. DNA and RNA Structure 2. DNA and RNA Function a. Information Storage - these nucleic acids are recipes for proteins... the linear sequence of A, T, C, and G's in these molecules determines the linear sequence of amino acids that will be linked together to form a protein. b. Catalytic Action - some RNA molecules catalyze reactions; they act like proteinaceous enzymes. (Ribozymes) c. Some RNA molecules bind to RNA or RNA and regulate the expression of these molecules, turning them off. Cell Biology Van Leeuwenhoek and his microscope Robert Hooke, and his drawing of cells Schleiden and Schwann Cell Biology I. Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells (eubacteria and archaea) - no nucleus - no organelles - binary fission - small (0.2 – 2.0 um) Cell Biology I. Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells - biofilms Staphyloccocus aureus biofilm Cell Biology I. Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells (protists, plants, fungi, animals) - nucleus - organelles - mitosis - larger (10-100 um) Cell Biology I. Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in Cell Biology I. Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) mitochondria ADP +P ATP Cell Biology I. Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and harvest energy (enzymes needed) and - transform radiant energy to chemical energy chloroplast ADP +P ATP mitochondria ADP +P ATP Cell Biology I. Overview A. Types of Cells 1. Prokaryotic Cells 2. Eukaryotic Cells B. How Cells Live - take stuff in - break it down and ADP +P harvest energy (enzymes needed) - use energy to make stuff (like enzymes and other proteins, and lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids) - DNA determines sequence of amino acids in enzymes and other proteins ATP ribosome ADP +P ATP ribosome Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure 1. phospholipids Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure 2. proteins and carbohydrates Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier Aqueous Solution (outside cell) Aqueous Solution (inside cell) dissolved ions dissolved ions dissolved polar molecules dissolved polar molecules suspended non-polar (lipid soluble) suspended non-polar (lipid soluble) Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport Net diffusion Net diffusion equilibrium Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport - diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Net diffusion Equilibrium equilibrium Equilibrium Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport - osmosis Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport – facilitated diffusion Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport – active transport Cytoplasmic Na+ bonds to the sodium-potassium pump Na+ binding stimulates phosphorylation by ATP. Phosphorylation causes the protein to change its conformation, expelling Na+ to the outside. Extracellular K+ binds to the protein, triggering release of the phosphate group. Loss of the phosphate restores the protein’s original conformation. K+ is released and Na+ sites are receptive again; the cycle repeats. Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport 3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane) 4. signal transduction Cell Biology I. Overview II. Membranes – How Things Get in and Out of Cells A. Membrane Structure B. Membrane Function 1. semi-permeable barrier 2. transport 3. metabolism (enzymes nested in membrane) 4. signal transduction 5. cell-cell binding 6. cell recognition 7. cytoskeleton attachment Cellular Respiration Chemical Potential Energy CATABOLISM ENERGY FOR: ANABOLISM “ENTROPY” WORK + Energy Coupled Reaction + Energy + Energy Coupled Reaction ATP ADP + P + Coupled Reaction + Energy Energy VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: MONOMERS and WASTE MATTER and ENERGY in FOOD DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION ADP + P ATP VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present? Aerobic Resp. Oxygen Absent? Anaerobic Resp. VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent? Fermentation A little ATP VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: Focus on core process… Glucose metabolism GLYCOLYSIS Oxygen Present? Gateway CAC ETC LOTS OF ATP Oxygen Absent? Fermentation A little ATP VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis: - Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas. - All cells do this! (very primitive pathway) - Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis: C6H12O6 2 C3 and energy released some of the energy is trapped in weak bonds between ADP + P…. Making ATP. Some is trapped in bonds made between NAD + H…. Making NADH VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis 2. Aerobic Respiration VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration - Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP LE 9-10 Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH The C3 molecules produced in the cytoplasm cross into the mitochondria, and one C is broken off (as CO2), and the energy released from breaking this bond is trapped in NAD + H NADH. energy harvested as NADH NAD+ NADH + H+ Acetyl Co A Pyruvate Transport protein CO2 Coenzyme A VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration - Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH. 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate) 2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH) 3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!! 4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH. 5. In summary, the C2 acetyl is split and the energy released is trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3 NADH. (this occurs for EACH of the 2 pyruvates from the initial glucose). 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) b - Gateway step: 2C3 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP LE 9-13 NADH STORES ENERGY ATP 50 Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) FADH2 40 FMN I Multiprotein complexes FAD Fe•S II Fe•S Q ADP + P III Cyt b 30 Fe•S electron Cyt c1 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ATP ATP Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis IV Cyt c Cyt a Cyt a3 20 RELEASES ENERGY 10 0 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ATP LE 9-13 NADH NADH gives up the high-energy STORES electron (and the H+ ion) to the ENERGY proteins in the mitochondrial membrane. ATP 50 Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) FADH2 40 FMN I Multiprotein complexes FAD Fe•S II Fe•S Q ADP + P III Cyt b 30 Fe•S electron Cyt c1 Glycolysis Citric acid cycle ATP ATP Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis IV Cyt c Cyt a ATP Cyt a3 20 as the electron is passed down the chain, energy is released that is trapped by adding P to ADP, making ATP. RELEASES ENERGY 10 Oxygen gas splits, and each oxygen 0 atom accepts two electrons, and two H+ ions to balance its charge, producing water as a waste product. 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O HEY!!! Here’s the first time O2 shows up!!! It is the final electron acceptor, and water is produced as a waste product! VII. Cellular Respiration Overview: 1. Glycolysis 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Aerobic Respiration d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP - OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR - WATER is produced as a metabolic waste - All carbons in glucose have been separated, and are expelled as the waste gas, CO2. - Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP. AND SO THIS IS HOW THE ENERGY IN YOUR FOOD IS HARVESTED BY EACH CELL IN YOUR BODY, AND EACH CELL IN MOST OTHER LIVING THINGS . CARBON DIOXIDE IS THE WASTE PRODUCT FROM FOOD DIGESTION AT A CELLULAR LEVEL, AND THE OXYGEN YOU BREATHE IN IS CONVERTED TO WATER. FOOD ATP ANABOLISM CO2, water, and waste ADP + P WORK Phosphorylation of myosin causes it to toggle and bond to actin; release of phosphate causes it to return to low energy state and pull actin…contraction. FOOD ATP ANABOLISM CO2, water, and waste ADP + P WORK