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Central Nervous
system
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Nervous system
• Divided
– Central nervous
system
• Brain & Spinal cord
– Peripheral nervous
system
• Cranial and Spinal
nerves
• Autonomic nervous
system
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NEUROANATOMY
Spinal cord
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• Covered by three meninges namely Dura, Arachnoid
and Pia matter
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Dorsal root ganglion
(spinal ganglion)
Denticulate
ligament
Ventral root
Dorsal root
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External part of the brain
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Test your self……
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Test your self……
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Test your self……
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External organization of cerebellum
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homunculus
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Stroke
Stroke, also known as cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular
insult (CVI), or brain attack, is when poor blood flow to the brain results in
cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood
flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. They result in part of the brain not
functioning properly. Signs and symptoms of a stroke may include an inability
to move or feel on one side of the body
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Brodmann areas
• More than 100 years ago, Brodman parceled the surface of
the cortex out into more than 50 areas, based on the
distinctive cellular appearance and function of each
• His map, shown here, is used to this day in describing the
functional organization of this region b’se many of the areas
identified by Broadman correlate fairly well with various
functional areas of the cortex
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The Frontal Lobe
• The frontal lobe contains areas that Brodmann identified
as involved in cognitive functioning and in speech and
language.
• Brodmann Area 4 corresponds to the precentral gyrus or
primary motor area.
• Neurons here send descending axons to the spinal cord
and brainstem; activity of these neurons results in
movement on the opposite side of the body
• Brodmann Area 6 is the premotor or supplementary
motor area.
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The Frontal Lobe…
• Brodmann Area 8 is anterior of the premotor
cortex. It facilitates eye movements and is
involved in visual reflexes as well as pupil
dilation and constriction.
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The Frontal Lobe…
• Areas 44 and 45 are Broca's area. These are motor
speech areas
– Important on the left or dominant hemisphere in majority of individuals
– Brings about formation of words by its connections with adjacent primary
motor area; muscles of larynx, mouth, tongue, soft palate
– Lesion of this area on left hemisphere
• Results in loss to produce speech (expressive aphasia)
• Patient retains ability to think words they wish to say, can write words
and can understand their meaning when they see or hear them!
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The Frontal Lobe…
• Brodmann Areas 9, 10, and 11 are anterior to area 8.
• They are involved in cognitive processes like reasoning
and judgment which may be collectively called biological
intelligence including executive function
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Parietal Lobe
• The Postcentral gyrus (primary sensory gyrus) roughly
coincides with Brodmann's areas 3, 1 and 2 - Primary
sensory cortex.
– Neurons here receive a direct input from ascending
somatic sensory pathways from opposite side of the
body
• These are somatosthetic areas, meaning that they are
the primary sensory areas for touch and proprioception
including kinesthesia
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…Parietal Lobe
• Areas 5, 7, and 40 are found posterior to the
primary sensory strip and are considered
presensory
association
areas
where
somatosensory processing occurs.
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…Parietal Lobe
• The angular gyrus is Brodman area 39 of the
human brain is involved in a number of
processes related to language and cognition.
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Temporal Lobe
• Areas involved in the processing of auditory
information and semantics as well as the
appreciation of smell are found in the Temporal Lobe
• Area 41 is Heschl's gyrus, the primary auditory area.
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…Temporal Lobe
• Area 42 immediately inferior to area 41 is the
secondary auditory area also involved in the detection
and recognition of speech.
• The processing done in this area of the cortex
provides a more detailed analysis than that done in
area 41.
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…Temporal Lobe
• Areas 21 and 22 are the auditory association areas. Both areas
are divided into two parts; one half of each area lies on either
side of area 42. Collec tively they can be called Wernicke's
auditory area.
– Involved in language processing to enable particular sequences
of sound to be identified and comprehended as meaningful
words
– Damage Wernicke's area leads to receptive or sensory aphasia
which is primarily a difficulty in understanding language
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…Temporal Lobe
• Area 37 is found on the posterior-inferior part of the temporal
lobe. Lesions here can cause anomia (Inability to remember
words/names)
• Anomia is usually caused by brain trauma, such as an accident,
stroke, or tumor.
• Dysnomia refers to a less severe form of this word-recall
dysfunction
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Occipital Lobe
• The Occipital Lobe contains areas that process visual
stimuli (visual cortex).
• Area 17 is the primary visual area.
• Areas 18 and 19 are the secondary visual (association)
areas where visual processing occurs.
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