Download The Gist of It……

The Gist of It…… EOC Review The Scien6fic Method •  Observa6on – State the Problem •  Form a Hypothesis –  If….then • 
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Experiment Collect Data Conclusion Publish Your Work Theory Experimental Design Control Group Experimental Group •  Control (Placebo) •  Independent Variable – variable manipulated by the experimenter –  Ex: Caffeine free Coke –  Ex: Coke •  Dependent Variable – What happens in rela6onship to the independent variable Experimental Design Con6nued How do you control bias? *Blind study/Double blind study Person interested in the results of the study does not do the research!!!! Tools of Science Balance – measures mass Graduated cylinder – volume of a liquid Beaker, flask, etc. – volume of a liquid Microscope – increases the images of an object that is too small to see with the naked eye •  Ruler – measures distance •  Scien6fic method of measurement? -­‐ metric • 
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Photosynthesis/Respira6on reactant -­‐-­‐-­‐-­‐> product Photosynthesis: Plants • 
6CO2 + 6H2O –light-­‐> C6H12O6 +6O2 •  Plants use photosynthesis to make food in the chloroplasts Respira9on: Animals • 
C6H12O6 +6O2 -­‐>6CO2+6H2O+ 36 ATP (energy) •  Animals use respira6on to make energy (ATP) •  Aerobic respira6on – requires oxygen •  Anaerobic respira6on – does not require oxygen – leads to fermenta6on Ac6ve/Passive Transport ac9ve passive •  Requires energy •  Goes against the concentra6on gradient (low to high concentra6on) •  May require a pump or gate •  Does not require energy •  Goes with the concentra6on gradient (high to low concentra6on) •  Molecules move through a selec6vely permeable membrane •  Looking for equilibrium •  Ex: diffusion, osmosis Macromolecules Monomers
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Amino acids Triglycerides Glucose (sugars) Nucleo6des Polymers • 
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Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Indicators Macromolecule/Indicator Posi9ve Test •  Simple Carb (Glucose)/
Benedicts in a hot water bath •  Starch (complex Carb)/
Iodine •  Protein/Biuret’s solu6on Turns orange/brown •  Lipid/paper bag Turns blue/black Turns violet/purple Bag doesn’t dry, turns translucent Cells •  Prokaryote – No nucleus. Includes bacteria. •  Eukaryote – Nucleus. Includes plants, animals, etc. Cell Organelles Plant only Animal •  Chloroplasts – “kitchen” makes food during photosynthesis •  Cell wall (cell plate forms during cytokinesis) •  All organelles in the animal cell are present in the plant cell with the excep6on of the cell membrane • 
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Mitochondria – “MLGW” powerhouse – makes ATP Golgi Apparatus – “Fedex” packages and distributes proteins ER – “Assembly line” processes and further modifies proteins Lysosomes – “Stomach” breaks up and gets rid of wastes Vacuole – “garage” stores material for later Nucleus – “Brain” controls the cell, contains DNA Ribosomes – “factory” makes proteins Cytoplasm – “soup” organelles and fluid of cell Cell membrane – phospholipid bilayer Cell Division mitosis meiosis •  Autosomal cells •  Exact copy – 46 chromosomes in each daughter cell •  Sex cells •  Halves the number of chromosomes – 46 in original cells, 23 in each gamete (sex cell) Dominance Con6nued •  Complete dominance – displayed over another trait •  Incomplete dominance – traits blend •  Co-­‐dominant – both traits shown simultaneously DNA Transcrip6on/Transla6on •  DNA contains gene6c informa6on •  mRNA copies info from DNA and is released into the cytoplasm (Transcrip6on) •  tRNA transfers and ahaches the correct amino acid to the forming chain in the ribosome (Transla6on) •  rRNA along with other proteins make up the ribosomes that form proteins Extra Stuff •  Enzymes – Catalyst in the body –  Do not change –  Do not get used up –  Get recycled –  Increase the ac6va6on rate –  Decrease ac6va6on energy •  Succession – vegeta6on growth –  Primary: without soil (ajer volcano, etc) –  Secondary: with soil (ajer farming or forest fire) More Extra Stuff •  Divergent evolu6on –  One organism evolves into many species when adap6ng to different environments •  Convergent evolu6on –  Unrelated organisms independently evolve similari6es when adap6ng to similar environments Homologous Structures •  Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic 6ssues. Symmetry •  Two sides are the same: Asymmetrical – no symmetry