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Slide 1
BIOLOGY
CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Fourth Edition
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Neil A. Campbell • Jane B. Reece • Lawrence G. Mitchell • Martha R. Taylor
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CHAPTER 12
DNA Technology and
the Human Genome
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Modules 12.1 – 12.6
From PowerPoint® Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 2
• DNA technology has many useful applications
– The Human Genome Project
– The production of vaccines, cancer drugs, and
pesticides
– Engineered
bacteria that
can clean up
toxic wastes
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 3
Recombinant DNA Technology
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• Recombinant DNA technology
–An organism that carries recombinant
DNA is called a genetically modified (GM)
organism.
– Recombinant DNA technology is applied in the
field of biotechnology.
• Biotechnology uses various organisms to perform
practical tasks.
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• Plasmids are key tools for DNA technology
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Slide 4
1
Bacterium
Plasmid
isolated
2
3 Gene
Bacterial
chromosome
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Cell containing gene
of interest
DNA
isolated
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inserted
into plasmid
Plasmid
Gene of
interest
Recombinant DNA
(plasmid)
4
DNA
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Plasmid put into
bacterial cell
Recombinant
bacterium
5 Cell multiplies with
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gene of interest
Copies of gene
Gene for pest
resistance
inserted into
plants
Copies of protein
Gene used to alter bacteria
for cleaning up toxic waste
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Protein used to
make snow form
at higher
temperature
Clones of cell
Protein used to dissolve blood
clots in heart attack therapy
Figure 12.3
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Slide 5
From Humulin to Genetically Modified Foods
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– By transferring the gene for a desired protein
product into a bacterium,
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Slide 6
Making Humulin
– In 1982, the world’s first genetically engineered
pharmaceutical product was produced.
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• Humulin, human insulin, was produced by
genetically modified bacteria.
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• Humulin was the first recombinant DNA drug
approved by the FDA.
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– DNA technology is also helping medical
researchers develop vaccines.
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Slide 7
12.16 Connection: Recombinant cells and
organisms can mass-produce gene products
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• Recombinant cells and organisms are used to
manufacture useful proteins
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Table 12.16
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Slide 8
Human Gene Therapy
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– Human gene therapy is a recombinant DNA
procedure that seeks to treat disease by altering
the genes of the afflicted person.
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Slide 9
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.23
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Slide 10
Treating Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
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– SCID is a fatal inherited disease caused by a
single defective gene.
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• The gene prevents the development of the immune
system.
• SCID patients quickly die unless treated with a bone
marrow transplant.
– Since the year 2000,
• Gene therapy has successfully cured 22 children with
inborn SCID.
– Unfortunately, three of the children developed
leukemia and one of them died.
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 11
12.18 Connection: Genetically modified organisms
are transforming agriculture
• New genetic varieties of animals and plants are
being produced
– A plant with a new trait can be created using the
Ti plasmid
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Slide 12
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Agrobacterium
tumefaciens
DNA containing
gene for desired trait
1
Ti
plasmid
T DNA
Insertion of
gene into plasmid
using restriction
enzyme and DNA
ligase
Plant cell
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2
Recombinant
Ti plasmid
Restriction
site
Introduction
into plant
cells in
culture
3
Regeneration
of plant
T DNA
carrying
new gene
within plant
chromosome
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Plant with
new trait
Figure 12.18A
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Slide 13
• “Golden rice” has been genetically modified to
contain beta-carotene
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Figure 12.18B
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Slide 14
Recombinant DNA Techniques
– Recombinant DNA techniques can help
biologists produce large quantities of a desired
protein.
– Bacteria are the workhorses of modern
biotechnology.
– To work with genes in the laboratory, biologists
often use bacterial plasmids.
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Slide 15
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Figure 12.7
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Slide 16
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– Plasmids can easily incorporate foreign DNA.
– Plasmids are readily taken up by bacterial cells.
• Plasmids then act as vectors,
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Slide 17
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A Closer Look: Cutting and Pasting DNA with
Restriction Enzymes
– Recombinant DNA is produced by combining
two ingredients:
• A bacterial plasmid
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– To combine these ingredients, a piece of DNA
must be spliced into a plasmid.
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Copyright © 2003
2007 Pearson Education,
Education Inc.,
Inc. publishing as Benjamin
Pearson Benjamin
Cummings
Cummings
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Slide 18
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Figure 12.9
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Slide 19
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– This splicing process can be accomplished using
restriction enzymes.
– These cuts produce pieces of DNA called
restriction fragments
• That may have “sticky ends” that are
important
– DNA ligase pastes the DNA fragments together
– The result is recombinant DNA
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Slide 20
12.5 Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids:
A closer look
• Bacteria take the recombinant plasmids and
reproduce
• This clones the plasmids and the genes they
carry
– Products of the gene can then be harvested
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Slide 21
E. coli
1 Isolate DNA
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Human cell
from two sources
2 Cut both
Plasmid
DNAs with
the same
restriction
enzyme
DNA
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Gene V
Sticky ends
3 Mix the DNAs; they join
by base-pairing
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4 Add DNA ligase
to bond the DNA covalently
Recombinant DNA
plasmid
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Gene V
5 Put plasmid into bacterium
by transformation
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6 Clone the bacterium
Bacterial clone carrying many
copies of the human gene
Figure 12.5
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Slide 22
DNA Fingerprinting and Forensic Science
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– DNA technology has rapidly revolutionized the
field of forensics.
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– DNA fingerprinting can be used to determine
whether or not two samples of genetic material
are from a particular individual.
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Slide 23
Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNA
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– DNA fingerprinting
• Has become a standard criminology tool.
• Has been used to identify victims of the September
11, 2001, World Trade Center attack.
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• Can be used in paternity cases.
– DNA fingerprinting is also used in evolutionary
research
• To study ancient pieces of DNA, such as that of
Cheddar Man.
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Slide 24
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Figure 12.12
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Slide 25
12.10 Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by
size
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• Restriction fragments of DNA can be sorted by
size
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Mixture of DNA
molecules of
different sizes
Longer
molecules
Power
source
Gel
Shorter
molecules
Glass
plates
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Completed gel
Figure 12.10
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Slide 26
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– The DNA fragments are visualized as “bands” on
the gel.
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Figure 12.17
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– One common application of gel electrophoresis
is RFLP analysis
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– Restriction fragment analysis is a powerful
method that
• The DNA molecules to be compared are
exposed to a series of restriction enzymes.
• Scientists can compare DNA sequences of
different individuals based on the size of the
fragments
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 12.18
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Slide 30
12.14 Connection: The Human Genome Project is
unlocking the secrets of our genes
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• The Human Genome Project involves:
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– genetic and physical
mapping of chromosomes
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– comparison of
human genes
with those of
other species
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Figure 12.14
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Slide 31
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RISKS AND ETHICAL QUESTIONS
12.20 Connection: Could GM organisms harm
human health or the environment?
• Genetic engineering involves
some risks
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– Possible ecological damage
from pollen transfer between
GM and wild crops
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– Pollen from a transgenic variety
of corn that contains a pesticide
may stunt or kill monarch
caterpillars
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Figure 12.20A, B
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Slide 32
12.21 Connection: DNA technology raises
important ethical questions
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• Our new genetic knowledge
will affect our lives in
many ways
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• The deciphering of the
human genome, in
particular, raises
profound ethical issues
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– Many scientists have
counseled that we
must use the
information wisely
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Figure 12.21A-C
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