Download File

Unicellular Marine
Organisms
Chapter 4
The Cellular Structure of Life: Review
• Cell wall: firm, fairly rigid
structure located outside
the plasma membrane of
plants, fungi, most bacteria,
and some protists; provides
support and protection.
• Plasma membrane: serves
as boundary between the
cell and its environment;
allows materials such as
water and nutrients to enter
and waste products to
leave.
The Cellular Structure of Life: Review
cont.
• Cytoplasm: clear, gelatinous
fluid in eukaryotic cells that
suspends the cell’s organelles
and is the site of numerous
chemical reactions.
• Flagellum Flagella: long,
hairlike projections composed
of pairs of microtubules;
found on some cell surfaces;
they help propel cells and
organisms by a whiplike
motion.
The Cellular Structure of Life: Review
cont.
• Chromosome: a
subcellular structure
that contains the
genetic information of
the cell
• Nuclear membrane: the
membrane surrounding
the nucleus of
eukaryotic cells
The Cellular Structure of Life: Review
cont.
• Nucleus: the membranebound central structure of
eukaryotic cells that
contains the chromosomes
• Mitochondria: eukaryotic
membrane-bound
organelles that transform
energy stored in food
molecules into ATP has a
highly folded inner
membrane that produces
energy-storing molecules.
The Cellular Structure of Life: Review
cont.
• Endoplasmic reticulum: :
organelle in eukaryotic cells
with a series of highly folded
membranes surrounded in
cytoplasm; site of cellular
chemical reactions; can
either be rough (with
ribosomes) or smooth
(without ribosomes).
• Vacuoles: membrane-bond
fluid –filled space in the
cytoplasm of plant cells used
for the temporary storage of
materials.
The Cellular Structure of Life: Review
cont.
• Lysosomes: attached to
the vacuole and
produce chemicals that
digest the food stored
inside it
• Golgi apparatus:
releases or secretes
important chemicals
needed by the cells to
carry out life functions.
The Cellular Structure of Life: Review
cont.
• Chloroplasts: a
subcellular structure
containing chlorophyll,
found in photosynthetic
organisms
4.1 Classification:
• Taxonomy: the process of classifying
organisms according to their
evolutionary relationships
• Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family,
Genius, Species
• Mnemonic Device to remember: King
Philip came over for grape soda.
4.1 Classification:
cont.
• The Five-Kingdom
System: Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Animalia
4.1 Classification:
cont.
The Five-Kingdom System:
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae,
Animalia
• Monera: Single-celled; lack
nuclear membrane (bacteria,
blue-green bacteria)
– Bacteria: Single-celled; lack
nuclear membrane
– Prokaryotes: unicellular
organisms, such as bacteria
composed of prokaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells lack internal
membrane-bond structures.
4.1 Classification:
cont.
The Five-Kingdom System: Monera,
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
• Protista: mostly single-celled,
some multicelled; have nuclear
membrane (algae and protozoa
– Unicellular: describes single-celled
organisms
– Eukaryote: unicellular or
multicellular organisms, such as
yeast, plants, and animals,
composed of eukaryotic cells,
which contain a true nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles.
– Protozoa: animal-like organisms
– Algae: plant like organisms
4.1 Classification:
cont.
The Five-Kingdom System:
Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
• Fungi: single-celled and
multicelled; have nuclei;
absorb food from living
and dead organisms
4.1 Classification:
cont.
The Five-Kingdom System:
Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
• Plantae: Multicelled; have
nuclei; make their own
food through
photosynthesis
– Chlorophyll: lightabsorbing pigment in
plants and some protista
that is required for
photosynthesis; absorbs
most wavelengths of light
except for green.
4.1 Classification:
cont.
The Five-Kingdom System:
Monera, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
• Animalia: Multicelled;
have nuclei; eat other
organisms