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Unicellular Marine Organisms Chapter 4 The Cellular Structure of Life: Review • Cell wall: firm, fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane of plants, fungi, most bacteria, and some protists; provides support and protection. • Plasma membrane: serves as boundary between the cell and its environment; allows materials such as water and nutrients to enter and waste products to leave. The Cellular Structure of Life: Review cont. • Cytoplasm: clear, gelatinous fluid in eukaryotic cells that suspends the cell’s organelles and is the site of numerous chemical reactions. • Flagellum Flagella: long, hairlike projections composed of pairs of microtubules; found on some cell surfaces; they help propel cells and organisms by a whiplike motion. The Cellular Structure of Life: Review cont. • Chromosome: a subcellular structure that contains the genetic information of the cell • Nuclear membrane: the membrane surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells The Cellular Structure of Life: Review cont. • Nucleus: the membranebound central structure of eukaryotic cells that contains the chromosomes • Mitochondria: eukaryotic membrane-bound organelles that transform energy stored in food molecules into ATP has a highly folded inner membrane that produces energy-storing molecules. The Cellular Structure of Life: Review cont. • Endoplasmic reticulum: : organelle in eukaryotic cells with a series of highly folded membranes surrounded in cytoplasm; site of cellular chemical reactions; can either be rough (with ribosomes) or smooth (without ribosomes). • Vacuoles: membrane-bond fluid –filled space in the cytoplasm of plant cells used for the temporary storage of materials. The Cellular Structure of Life: Review cont. • Lysosomes: attached to the vacuole and produce chemicals that digest the food stored inside it • Golgi apparatus: releases or secretes important chemicals needed by the cells to carry out life functions. The Cellular Structure of Life: Review cont. • Chloroplasts: a subcellular structure containing chlorophyll, found in photosynthetic organisms 4.1 Classification: • Taxonomy: the process of classifying organisms according to their evolutionary relationships • Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genius, Species • Mnemonic Device to remember: King Philip came over for grape soda. 4.1 Classification: cont. • The Five-Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia 4.1 Classification: cont. The Five-Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Monera: Single-celled; lack nuclear membrane (bacteria, blue-green bacteria) – Bacteria: Single-celled; lack nuclear membrane – Prokaryotes: unicellular organisms, such as bacteria composed of prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack internal membrane-bond structures. 4.1 Classification: cont. The Five-Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Protista: mostly single-celled, some multicelled; have nuclear membrane (algae and protozoa – Unicellular: describes single-celled organisms – Eukaryote: unicellular or multicellular organisms, such as yeast, plants, and animals, composed of eukaryotic cells, which contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. – Protozoa: animal-like organisms – Algae: plant like organisms 4.1 Classification: cont. The Five-Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Fungi: single-celled and multicelled; have nuclei; absorb food from living and dead organisms 4.1 Classification: cont. The Five-Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Plantae: Multicelled; have nuclei; make their own food through photosynthesis – Chlorophyll: lightabsorbing pigment in plants and some protista that is required for photosynthesis; absorbs most wavelengths of light except for green. 4.1 Classification: cont. The Five-Kingdom System: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia • Animalia: Multicelled; have nuclei; eat other organisms