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Diversity of Life Exploring the vast array of living organisms on Earth today and in the past VIII. Classification A. Taxonomy - science of classifying Organisms grouped into taxa 1. Linnaeus - developed a system of classifying living things 2. Five-Kingdom Classification system a. Kingdom i. Animalia ii. Plantae iii. Fungi iv. Protista v. Monera Classification 2. Five Kingdom Classification system a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 3. Binomial nomenclature a. b. Two word naming system Scientific name - Genus species Example: Homo sapiens Classification B. A closer look at the kingdoms 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Monera - bacteria, unicellular, prokaryotic Protista - “catchall kingdom”, unicellular and some multicellular eukaryotes that do not belong to other kingdoms Fungi - eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cell walls composed of chitin Plantae - eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, cell walls composed of cellulose Animalia - eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls Classification C. Three domain system is being constructed 1. Bacteria 2. Archae 3. Eukarya 5 Kingdom System Vs. 3 Domain System Classification D. Classification as it relates to evolution 1. 2. Organisms are grouped according to physical characteristics and evolutionary relationships Not all similar looking organisms belong in the same group a. b. Convergent evolution results in the formation of analogous structures Example - sharks and dolphins have similar characteristics, but they do not share a common ancestor Origin of Life on Earth D. Theories on the origin of life 1. Spontaneous generation - life arises from nonlife a. b. c. d. Needham - supported theory Redi- questioned theory with experiments involving meat Spallanzani - disproved Needham’s experiments Pasteur - disproved the theory of spontaneous generation http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/staff/TimLynch/sci_class/chap01/spontaneous.html 2. 3. Extra-terrestrial Organic soup - cells developed from the materials present in Earth’s early atmosphere a. b. Miller and Urey experiment simulated how life could have begun Ammonia, water, hydrogen, and methane with a spark of energy (lightning) formed organic matter (amino acids,etc.) QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Origin of Life on Earth E. Evolution of life 1. First cells were prokaryotic 2. Endosymbiosis results in formation of first eukaryotic cells (Protista) 3. Multicellular organisms develop (Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)