Download (for quiz): Taxonomy

Chapter 18
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The science of grouping organisms according to
their presumed natural relationships.
ARISTOTLE
◦ First to classify organisms more than 2000 years
ago.
◦ Classified all organisms into TWO groups
 Plants
 Further classified by stem differences.
 Animals
 Further classified based on where animals
were found. (air, land, water)
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Everyday names given to organisms.
Common names may NOT accurately describe
the organism.
◦ Examples: jellyfish, mountain lion
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Mean:Two Names
CAROLUS LINNAEUS – Swedish naturalist
(1707-1778)
◦ He broke organisms into hierarchical categories
Categories (smallest to
largest)
Examples
SPECIES
Structurally similar
organisms
sapiens
GENUS
Similar species grouped
Homo
FAMILY
Similar genera
Hominidae
ORDER
Similar families
Primates
CLASS
Similar orders
Mammalia
PHYLUM/DIVISION
Similar classes
Chordata
KINGDOM
Similar phyla/divisions
Animalia
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Binomial name
Includes Genus &
species names
Examples:
◦ Rana pipiensLeopard frog
◦ Homo sapiens –
Human beings
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Subspecies: morphologically different &
geographically separated.
Varieties: Morphologically different & often
not geographically separated.
Strain: Biochemically dissimilar group within
a species.
◦ Example: bacteria
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Phylogeny: Evolutionary history of a species.
Taxonomic Identification:
◦ Dichotomous Key – A written set of choices that
leads to the name of an organism.
◦ Phylogenetic Tree – A visual model of the inferred
relationships among organisms.
◦ Biosystematics – A form of taxonomy that examines
reproductive compatibility & gene flow.
 Studies speciation, or formation of a new species.
KINGDOM
CELL TYPE
# OF CELLS
NUTRITION
Archaebacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autoheterotrophic
Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Autoheterotrophic
Protista
Eukaryotic
Uni &
multicellular
Autoheterotrophic
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Uni &
multicellular
Heterotrophic
Plantae
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotrophic
(rarely hetero-)
Animalia
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
heterotrophic
Methanogens
“true bacteria”
Amoebas
Mushroom
Mosses, ferns
Mammals