Download 5 Kingdoms and 6 Unifying Principles 5kingdomnotes.notebook

THE FIVE KINGDOMS RELATING TO THE SIX UNIFYING
PRINCIPLES
1. EVOLUTION: Patterns and Products of Change in Living
Systems
Monera: Thought to be original type of life on our planet
-Simple, least complex (prokaryotic) (bacteria)
Protista: Evolved from prokaryotes
-Eukaryotic cell has symbiotic prokaryote inside
-Two main branches:
single celled protists
algae
Fungi: Thought to have originated from protists similar to
slime molds became multicellular
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Plantae: thought to have originated from green algae
mosses ferns dry land plants w/seeds/pollen etc.
Animalia: Originated from animal-like protists
became multicellular
Simple animals (no true organs)
More complex (organs & organ systems)
development of head w/sensory organs
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2. HOMEOSTASIS: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium
in Living Systems
Monera: Can live just about anywhere!
-adjust internal production to external nutrient levels
-can form cysts in bad times
Protista: Must live in moist environment
-adjust to moisture level
-contractile vacuoles pump out water like this
Fungi: found in almost any moist environment
-spores can stay dormant for years
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Plantae: Respond to changes in humidity, sunlight,
water, nutrition in soil
-some lose leaves in the winter to protect against
water loss
-stomata, turn to sun, salt tolerance
Like this.
Animalia: Nervous system (senses) help in response
to environment
-Temp. is regulated internally by some (birds/
mammals)
-change in coloration like this
-auto response to internal imbalance
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3. ENERGY, MATTER & ORGANIZATION:
Relationships in Living Systems
Monera: All unicellular, no nucleus,
no membrane bound organelles, very small (prokaryotic)
-autotrophic (photosythesis), and heterotrophic (eats)
Protista: most single celled or live in colonies, algae
multicellular
-Eukaryotic: have nucleus &
membrane bound organelles
-autotrophic and heterotrophic
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Fungi: Multicellular (not yeast), eukaryotic, has cell wall
-heterotrophic: digest food by breaking it down outside &
absorbing it into their cells
-DO NOT photosynthesize
Plantae: Multicellular, eukaryotic
-Autotrophic (photosynthesis = makes own food)
-has cell wall
Animalia: Multicellular, eukaryotic, NO cell wall, only cell
membrane
-Heterotrophic (must eat)
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4. CONTINUITY: Reproduction & Inheritance in Living Systems
Monera: Asexually: divide into two new organisms (binary fission)
like this
-Sexually: exchange DNA through conjugation
Protista: Same as Monera
Fungi: Asexually: hyphae break off
new fungi grows
-Sexually: grow from reproductive cells called spores
containing two organisms' DNA (see next page)
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Plantae: Most reproduce sexually
-primative use spores--must be moist so sperm can
swim to egg
-seed plant--use pollen (sperm) to get to ovules
(eggs) in cones or flowers (develop into fruit)
-asexually (vine maples, spider plants)
Animalia: Most reproduce sexually
-sperm and egg meet with half of DNA for new
organism
-may occur internally, or externally
-asexually (sponges, flat worms, jellys)
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5. DEVELOPMENT: Growth & Differentiation in
Living Systems
Monera: simply get bigger
after cell division
-add cell parts until able to
reproduce again
Protista: May be simple--just get larger
-some create colonies
OR complex- go through complex life cycle like
malarial parasite (see next)
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Fungi: Most have some type of life cycle (many
different types)
Ex: hyphae
produce reproductive structure
spores
new fungus
Plantae: Growth depends on plant
Ex. dry-land plant = seed
seedling
plant (leaves, reprod. structures, etc.)
mature
Animalia: Many different types of life cycles
Ex. Insects = egg
juvenile (larvae)
immature form
adult (can reproduce)
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6. ECOLOGY: Interaction & Interdependence in Living
Systems
Monera: Major decomposers
-Producers = photosynthesis
-some "fix" nitrogen
-a few cause disease (TB, tetanus, whooping cough)
-used in food production (cheese, yogurt)
Protista: Decomposers, like slime molds (fungus-like)
-Producers: diatoms, euglena, algae etc.
-Parasites: cause disease (malaria, amoebas, etc)
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Fungi: Major decomposers
recycle nutrients back to
the soil
-Can be food for others
-Parasites--cause disease (athlete's foot, yeast infection,
wheat rust)
-Mutualistic (evergreens and blue-green bacteria)
Plantae: Producers- provide most of the world's food in
most, if not all, ecosystems
-Produce oxygen, recycle carbon dioxide
-parasites (mistletoe, choker fig)
-epiphytes (moss, ferns)
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Animalia: Consumers--consume other organisms for food
-can be herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, decomposers
-can be parasites (intestinal worms, liver flukes)
-most diverse kingdom
deer liver flukes
-use O , produce CO
2
2
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