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THE FIVE KINGDOMS RELATING TO THE SIX UNIFYING PRINCIPLES 1. EVOLUTION: Patterns and Products of Change in Living Systems Monera: Thought to be original type of life on our planet -Simple, least complex (prokaryotic) (bacteria) Protista: Evolved from prokaryotes -Eukaryotic cell has symbiotic prokaryote inside -Two main branches: single celled protists algae Fungi: Thought to have originated from protists similar to slime molds became multicellular Nov 27-9:21 AM 1 Plantae: thought to have originated from green algae mosses ferns dry land plants w/seeds/pollen etc. Animalia: Originated from animal-like protists became multicellular Simple animals (no true organs) More complex (organs & organ systems) development of head w/sensory organs Nov 27-9:23 AM 2 2. HOMEOSTASIS: Maintaining Dynamic Equilibrium in Living Systems Monera: Can live just about anywhere! -adjust internal production to external nutrient levels -can form cysts in bad times Protista: Must live in moist environment -adjust to moisture level -contractile vacuoles pump out water like this Fungi: found in almost any moist environment -spores can stay dormant for years Nov 27-9:25 AM 3 Plantae: Respond to changes in humidity, sunlight, water, nutrition in soil -some lose leaves in the winter to protect against water loss -stomata, turn to sun, salt tolerance Like this. Animalia: Nervous system (senses) help in response to environment -Temp. is regulated internally by some (birds/ mammals) -change in coloration like this -auto response to internal imbalance Nov 27-9:26 AM 4 3. ENERGY, MATTER & ORGANIZATION: Relationships in Living Systems Monera: All unicellular, no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles, very small (prokaryotic) -autotrophic (photosythesis), and heterotrophic (eats) Protista: most single celled or live in colonies, algae multicellular -Eukaryotic: have nucleus & membrane bound organelles -autotrophic and heterotrophic Nov 27-9:26 AM 5 Fungi: Multicellular (not yeast), eukaryotic, has cell wall -heterotrophic: digest food by breaking it down outside & absorbing it into their cells -DO NOT photosynthesize Plantae: Multicellular, eukaryotic -Autotrophic (photosynthesis = makes own food) -has cell wall Animalia: Multicellular, eukaryotic, NO cell wall, only cell membrane -Heterotrophic (must eat) Nov 27-9:27 AM 6 4. CONTINUITY: Reproduction & Inheritance in Living Systems Monera: Asexually: divide into two new organisms (binary fission) like this -Sexually: exchange DNA through conjugation Protista: Same as Monera Fungi: Asexually: hyphae break off new fungi grows -Sexually: grow from reproductive cells called spores containing two organisms' DNA (see next page) Nov 27-9:27 AM 7 Jan 17-2:50 PM 8 Plantae: Most reproduce sexually -primative use spores--must be moist so sperm can swim to egg -seed plant--use pollen (sperm) to get to ovules (eggs) in cones or flowers (develop into fruit) -asexually (vine maples, spider plants) Animalia: Most reproduce sexually -sperm and egg meet with half of DNA for new organism -may occur internally, or externally -asexually (sponges, flat worms, jellys) Nov 27-9:28 AM 9 5. DEVELOPMENT: Growth & Differentiation in Living Systems Monera: simply get bigger after cell division -add cell parts until able to reproduce again Protista: May be simple--just get larger -some create colonies OR complex- go through complex life cycle like malarial parasite (see next) Nov 27-9:28 AM 10 Jan 17-2:56 PM 11 Fungi: Most have some type of life cycle (many different types) Ex: hyphae produce reproductive structure spores new fungus Plantae: Growth depends on plant Ex. dry-land plant = seed seedling plant (leaves, reprod. structures, etc.) mature Animalia: Many different types of life cycles Ex. Insects = egg juvenile (larvae) immature form adult (can reproduce) Nov 27-9:29 AM 12 6. ECOLOGY: Interaction & Interdependence in Living Systems Monera: Major decomposers -Producers = photosynthesis -some "fix" nitrogen -a few cause disease (TB, tetanus, whooping cough) -used in food production (cheese, yogurt) Protista: Decomposers, like slime molds (fungus-like) -Producers: diatoms, euglena, algae etc. -Parasites: cause disease (malaria, amoebas, etc) Nov 27-9:30 AM 13 Fungi: Major decomposers recycle nutrients back to the soil -Can be food for others -Parasites--cause disease (athlete's foot, yeast infection, wheat rust) -Mutualistic (evergreens and blue-green bacteria) Plantae: Producers- provide most of the world's food in most, if not all, ecosystems -Produce oxygen, recycle carbon dioxide -parasites (mistletoe, choker fig) -epiphytes (moss, ferns) Nov 27-9:30 AM 14 Animalia: Consumers--consume other organisms for food -can be herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, decomposers -can be parasites (intestinal worms, liver flukes) -most diverse kingdom deer liver flukes -use O , produce CO 2 2 Nov 27-9:30 AM 15 Jan 17-3:02 PM 16