Download Guided Notes – Genetic Engineering

I.
Selective Breeding



Humans use ___________________ _______________________ to pass desired traits on to the
next generation of organisms.
Allows only those animals with ___________________ characteristics to produce the next
generation.
Types of Selective Breeding (2):
1. ________________________________________
2. ________________________________________

Hybridization – _______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
o Produces ________________ (mixed organisms) that are often _______________ than
either parent…
 disease resistant plants
 plants with higher food
producing capacity

Inbreeding - __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
o Used to maintain the desired characteristic of an organism.
o Ex Dog breeding (beagles, poodles, golden
retrievers, etc.)

Risks of inbreeding  genetically similar breeds
________________ the _________________
of passing on recessive alleles for ___________________
_______________________
II.
Increasing Variation

Breeders can ________________ the _________________ __________________ in a
population by causing ___________________, which are the ultimate source of genetic
variability.

_______________________ are inheritable changes in DNA that occur spontaneously
o radiation or chemicals may be used
o If lucky, breeders can produce a few mutants with desirable characteristics that are not found
in the original population
III.
Manipulation/ Changing DNA

Genetic engineering - __________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
o First, the DNA is extracted/ removed from an opened cell.
o __________________ __ ____________________ are then used to cut the DNA at a specific
section of nucleotides.
o The fragments are then separated and analyzed using _______________
__________________________ (used to compare genomes of different organisms)  this
way scientists can ___________________________________________________________
out of millions in a genome.
IV.
____________ ____________________________  a complementary DNA strand is made using a
small proportion of fluorescently labeled nucleotides
V.
Cutting, Pasting, & Making copies of DNA

Recombinant DNA is produced by _________________ ___________ from different sources.
o These DNA sequences are joined by using __________________ to splice/
__________________ the DNA together

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows biologists to _______________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
o A few dozen cycles of PCR can produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence
VI.
Cell Transformation

During cell transformation, a cell __________________________/ includes
_____________________ _______________ into its own DNA. A _____________________
(circular DNA) is made, and contains a __________________ ___________________, which
distinguishes the human DNA from the bacterial DNA. One way to make recombinant DNA is
to insert a human gene into bacterial DNA. The new combination of genes is then returned to a
bacterial cell, and the bacteria can produce the human protein.
VII. Knock Out Genes

Recombinant DNA can ____________________________________________ in an animal’s
genome. When recombinant DNA is inserted into the target location, the host cell’s
___________________ gene is __________________ or “knocked out” of its place.
VIII. Applications of Genetic Engineering

Transgenic Organisms: organisms that contain some genes from other organisms
o Transgenic bacteria now produce a host of important _____________________ useful for
__________________ & _______________________.
 Human insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor are now produced
by transgenic bacteria.
o Transgenic animals have been used to _______________ _________________ and
___________________ the __________________ supply.
 These animals often grow faster and produce LESS fatty meat.
o Transgenic plants are an important part of our food supply.
 Many transgenic plants produce a natural ____________________, so
the crops do not have to be sprayed with pesticides.
IX.
Cloning  ___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________