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Transcript
I. Selective Breeding Humans use ___________________ _______________________ to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms. Allows only those animals with ___________________ characteristics to produce the next generation. Types of Selective Breeding (2): 1. ________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________ Hybridization – _______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ o Produces ________________ (mixed organisms) that are often _______________ than either parent… disease resistant plants plants with higher food producing capacity Inbreeding - __________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ o Used to maintain the desired characteristic of an organism. o Ex Dog breeding (beagles, poodles, golden retrievers, etc.) Risks of inbreeding genetically similar breeds ________________ the _________________ of passing on recessive alleles for ___________________ _______________________ II. Increasing Variation Breeders can ________________ the _________________ __________________ in a population by causing ___________________, which are the ultimate source of genetic variability. _______________________ are inheritable changes in DNA that occur spontaneously o radiation or chemicals may be used o If lucky, breeders can produce a few mutants with desirable characteristics that are not found in the original population III. Manipulation/ Changing DNA Genetic engineering - __________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ o First, the DNA is extracted/ removed from an opened cell. o __________________ __ ____________________ are then used to cut the DNA at a specific section of nucleotides. o The fragments are then separated and analyzed using _______________ __________________________ (used to compare genomes of different organisms) this way scientists can ___________________________________________________________ out of millions in a genome. IV. ____________ ____________________________ a complementary DNA strand is made using a small proportion of fluorescently labeled nucleotides V. Cutting, Pasting, & Making copies of DNA Recombinant DNA is produced by _________________ ___________ from different sources. o These DNA sequences are joined by using __________________ to splice/ __________________ the DNA together A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows biologists to _______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ o A few dozen cycles of PCR can produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence VI. Cell Transformation During cell transformation, a cell __________________________/ includes _____________________ _______________ into its own DNA. A _____________________ (circular DNA) is made, and contains a __________________ ___________________, which distinguishes the human DNA from the bacterial DNA. One way to make recombinant DNA is to insert a human gene into bacterial DNA. The new combination of genes is then returned to a bacterial cell, and the bacteria can produce the human protein. VII. Knock Out Genes Recombinant DNA can ____________________________________________ in an animal’s genome. When recombinant DNA is inserted into the target location, the host cell’s ___________________ gene is __________________ or “knocked out” of its place. VIII. Applications of Genetic Engineering Transgenic Organisms: organisms that contain some genes from other organisms o Transgenic bacteria now produce a host of important _____________________ useful for __________________ & _______________________. Human insulin, growth hormone, and clotting factor are now produced by transgenic bacteria. o Transgenic animals have been used to _______________ _________________ and ___________________ the __________________ supply. These animals often grow faster and produce LESS fatty meat. o Transgenic plants are an important part of our food supply. Many transgenic plants produce a natural ____________________, so the crops do not have to be sprayed with pesticides. IX. Cloning ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________