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Cellular Respiration Chemical Equation 6 O2 + C6H12O6 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP Page 107 Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate Background Aerobic= requires oxygen Anaerobic= does not require oxygen Usually think of respiration as breathing, but cellular respiration refers to the energy-releasing pathways However, we breathe to get oxygen to fuel the cellular respiration 1st Step- Glycolysis (breaking apart glucose) Occurs in the cytoplasm Requires 2 ATP to make 4 ATP = NET GAIN OF 2 ATP Pyruvate is made Next step depends on whether there is oxygen present or not… Step 2-If oxygen is present…aerobic Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle/Citric Acid Cycle and then the electron transport chain Occurs in the mitochondria Yields 34 more ATP 2a- Krebs Cycle Pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. (thus resulting in the CO2 we exhale) 2 ATPs are made High energy electrons transferred to electron carriers, (NAD+, FADH) NADH & FADH2 The Citric Acid Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. NADH NADH NADH and FADH2 Glycolysis glucose pyruvate Preparatory reaction Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP total 2 ATP net 2 ADP 2 ATP 32 ADP 32 or 34 NADH ATP NAD+ or 34 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C4 molecule to form citrate. citrate C6 CO2 CoA 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and CO2 is released. ketoglutarate C5 acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle NAD+ oxaloacetate C4 NADH NADH 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. succinate C4 NAD+ CO2 fumarate C4 FAD 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH2. FADH2 ATP 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Citric acid cycle inputs outputs 2 pyruvates 6 NAD+ 2 FAD 4 CO2 6 NADH 2 ADP + 2 P 2 FADH2 2 ATP 9 Electron Transport Chain ETC uses high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP. Massive amounts of ATP are generated. (32 ATPs) Oxygen is a reactant & water is also a product Electron Transport Chain Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. e– NADH NADH e– e– e– Glycolysis glucose pyruvate e– NADH and FADH2 e– e– Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 2 ATP 2 ATP 4 ADP 4 ADP total 2 ADP net 2 ADP 2 ADP 32 or ADP 32 or ADP 34 34 NADH +H+ eNAD+ + 2H+ NADH-Q reductase P 2e- ATP made by chemiosmosis e- coenzyme Q FADH2 2e- FAD + 2H+ cytochrome reductase ADP + P 2e- ATP made by chemiosmosis ATP made by chemiosmosis cytochrome c 2e- cytochrome oxidase ADP + P 2e2 1/ 11 2 O2 H+ H2O Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose Molecule Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. glycolysis 2 net ATP 2 NADH 2 NADH 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 pyruvate Mitochondrion 2 acetyl CoA 2 CO2 2 ATP Citric acid cycle 4 CO2 6 ATP 18 ATP 4 ATPP 6 H2O subtotal 32 or 34 ATP 36 or 38 total 12 ATP 2 6 O2 subtotal 4 4 or 6 Electron transport chain Cytoplasm glucose ATP ATP Energy and Exercise Quick energy- cells contain enough ATP for a few seconds Lactic acid fermentation- can provide enough energy for about 90 seconds of work Reason a runner breathes so heavily after a race Lactic acid causes “soreness” Long-Term energy- comes from respiration comes from glycogen stored in cells for 15 – 20 minutes After that, body breaks down other stored food molecules, including fats Reason aerobic exercise is beneficial for weight control The Metabolic Pool Concept Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. proteins carbohydrates amino acids glucose Glycolysis fats glycerol ATP pyruvate acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle ATP Electron transport chain ATP © C Squared Studios/Getty Images. 14 fatty acids Vocabulary Calorie- the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius Glycolysis- the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half , producing two molecules of pyruvic acid. Cellular respiration- the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen NAD+ - an electron carrier Fermentation- the pathway that allows glycolysis to continue by returning electrons to pyruvic acid Anaerobic- oxygen is not required Aerobic- oxygen is required Kreb’s cycle- the process in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-releasing steps Electron transport chain- the process in which high-energy electrons convert ADP to ATP (a lot of it). ATP- the principal chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy Step 2-If oxygen is not present = anaerobic Fermentation- process that allows glycolysis to continue by returning electrons to pyruvate Therefore, 2 more ATP’s will be made…then 2 more…then 2 more Two Types of Fermentation Alcoholic fermentation- occurs in yeast and bacteria Yeast are unicellular eukaryotic fungi that carry out aerobic respiration, however when oxygen is not available, they can switch to anaerobic respiration • Pyruvate + NADH ethanol + NAD+ + CO2 • Very important in industry…alcohol, bread, ethanol for fuel Lactic acid fermentation – occurs in muscles During strenuous exercise when your lungs cannot provide you with enough oxygen, your muscles switch to lactic acid fermentation…most of the lactic acid diffuses into the bloodstream and goes to the liver to be converted back to Pyruvate, however some remains and causes “soreness”. • Pyruvate + NADH lactic acid + NAD+ Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Glycolysis inputs outputs glucose 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP total 2 19 ATP net gain Summary-Aerobic Cycle Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total Anaerobic Net ATP production 2 ATP Cycle Net ATP production Glycolysis 2 ATP 2 ATP Fermentation 32 ATP Glycolysis 2 ATP Total Depends on # of cycles 36 ATP Glucose Breakdown: Overview of 4 Phases Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display NADH e– e– NADH e– e– Cytoplasm e– NADH and FADH2 e– e– Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction glucose Mitochondrion pyruvate Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis 2 ATP 2 ATP 4 ATP total 4 ADP 2 21 ATP net gain 2 ADP 2 ATP 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 ATP Chemical Equations Cellular Respiration O2 + C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O + energy Oxygen + glucose Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + energy O2 + C6H12O6 Carbon Dioxide + Water + sunlight Oxygen + glucose Energy in the biosphere Starts with the sun Plants take in sunlight and convert the energy via photosynthesis into sugars. Extra energy is stored as starches and cellulose. Animals eat plants and convert energy into ATP. Extra energy or calories are stored as glycogen and fats. When animals die, the energy gets released back to the ecosystem by bacteria digesting the bodies. “Food chain” Real-life applications A calorie is how we measure the amount of energy stored in foods. This is because it is the extra energy taken by plants from the sun, or other animals from their food and stored. Therefore, if you take in more energy than you are using, you also store that extra “energy” in glycogen and fat.