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The Cell
Joseph
Plant Cells
• Plant cells are cells that
are in plants. Plant cells
are like animal cells,
but they have a cell wall
and chloroplasts.
Animal Cells
• Animal cells are the
cells found in animals.
Nucleus
• A cell structure in plant
and animal cells that
acts as the control
center and directs all of
the cell’s activities.
Chromosomes
• A structure in a cell that
contains DNA, or
genetic information,
which holds the plans
for all pieces of the cell.
Cell Membrane
• A double layer of fat
molecules that holds
the contents of the cell
in place and controls
the movement of
materials into and out
of the cell.
Cytoplasm
• A watery fluid that
contains everything
inside the cell
membrane and outside
the nucleus where
many of the cell’s
chemical activities take
place.
Vacuole
• A fluid filled space in a
plant and animal cells
that is used to store
water and nutrients
also used to store
waste and move waste
and excess water out of
the cell.
Flagellum
• A whip like a tail that
helps a cell to move.
Cillia
• Tiny hairs that work to
move a cell or the fluid
surrounding a cell.
Cell Wall
A structure that protects
and supports a plant cell.
Chloroplasts
• A plant cell structure
containing may
molecules of a green
pigment called
chiorophyll.
Nucleolus
• The round granular
structure within the
nucleus of a cell, and
composed of protein
and RNA.
Eukaryotic Cells
• A cell that has a
nucleus surrounded by
a nuclear membrane.
Prokaryotic Cells
• A cell in which the
nucleus is not
surrounded by a
membrane.
Mitochondria
• Circular or rod shaped
organelles that provide
the cells with energy
through a process
called cell respiration.
Centrioles
• A self-replicating, small,
fibrous, cylindricalshaped organelle,
typically located in the
cytoplasm near the
nucleus in cells of most
animals. It is involved in
the process of nuclear
division.
Cytoskeleton
• The cytoskeleton is a
network of fibers
throughout the cell's
cytoplasm that helps
the cell maintain its
shape and gives
support to the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum
• A cell structure that
consists of a series of
folded membranes that
act as canals to carry
materials through the
cytoplasm.
Nuclear membrane
• The double-layered
membrane surrounding
the nucleus of a
eukaryotic cell,
separating the
nucleoplasm from the
cytoplasm.
Nucleolus
• The round granular
structure within the
nucleus of a cell, and
composed of protein
and RNA.
Golgi apparatus
• A cell organelles that
stores proteins and puts
them into packages
called vesicles
Lysosome
• An organelle formed by
the Golgi apparatus to
control and clean the
cytoplasm. Lysosomes
contain special proteins
used to break down
large molecules into
smaller molecules.
Lysosomes also destroy
and worn out cells.
Plasma
• Fluid through which
cellular components of
blood, lymph, or
intramuscular fluid are
suspended.
Membrane
• A thin layer of tissue
covering a surface or
lining a cavity, space or
organ.
Ribosomes
• A very small organelle
that uses information
from the nucleus and
molecules from the
cytoplasm to produce
proteins.
The differences between plant and
animal cells (1)
• A notable difference between
animal cells and plant cells is
that animal cells do not have a
cell wall where as plant cells
do. Both plant and animal cells
have plasma membranes.
The differences between plant and
animal cells (2)
• Plant cells have
chloroplast for
photosynthesis whereas
animal cells do not have
chloroplasts.
The differences between plant and
animal cells (3)
• Another difference
between plant cells and
animal cells is that animal
cells are round whereas
plant cells are rectangular.
The differences between plant and
animal cells (4)
• Further, all animal cells
have centrioles whereas
only some lower plant
forms have centrioles in
their cells.
The differences between plant and
animal cells (5)
• Animal cells have one or
more small vacuoles
whereas plant cells have one
large central vacuole that
can take up to 90% of cell
volume.
The differences between plant and
animal cells (6)
• In plant cells, the function of
vacuoles is to store water
and maintain turgidity of the
cell. Vacuoles in animal cells
store water, ions and waste.
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (1)
• The difference between the
structure of prokaryotes and
eukaryotes is so great that it
is considered to be the most
important distinction among
groups of organisms.
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (2)
• The most fundamental
difference is that eukaryotes
do have "true" nuclei
containing their DNA,
whereas the genetic material
in prokaryotes is not
membrane-bound.
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (3)
• In eukaryotes, the mitochondria and
chloroplasts perform various metabolic
processes and are believed to have
been derived from endosymbiotic
bacteria. In prokaryotes similar
processes occur across the cell
membrane; endosymbionts are
extremely rare.
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (4)
• The cell walls of prokaryotes
are generally formed of a
different molecule
(peptidoglycan) to those of
eukaryotes (many
eukaryotes do not have a cell
wall at all).
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (5)
• Prokaryotes are usually
much smaller than
eukaryotic cells.
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (6)
• Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes in
that they contain only a single loop of stable
chromosomal DNA stored in an area named
the nucleoid, while eukaryote DNA is found on
tightly bound and organised chromosomes.
Although some eukaryotes have satellite DNA
structures called plasmids, these are
generally regarded as a prokaryote feature
and many important genes in prokaryotes are
stored on plasmids.
The differences between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (7)
• Prokaryotes have a larger
surface area to volume ratio
giving them a higher metabolic
rate, a higher growth rate and
consequently a shorter
generation time compared to
Eukaryotes.
The differences between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (8)
• Prokaryotes also differ from eukaryotes
in the structure, packing, density, and
arrangement of their genes on the
chromosome. Prokaryotes have
incredibly compact genomes compared
to eukaryotes, mostly because
prokaryote genes lack introns and large
non-coding regions between each gene.
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (9)
• Whereas nearly 95% of the
human genome does not code
for proteins or RNA or includes
a gene promoter, nearly all of
the prokaryote genome codes
or controls something.
The differences between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes (10)
• Prokaryote genes are also
expressed in groups,
known as operons, instead
of individually, as in
eukaryotes.
differences between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes (11)
– In a prokaryote cell, all genes in an operon(three
in the case of the famous lac operon) are
transcribed on the same piece of RNA and then
made into separate proteins, whereas if these
genes were native to eukaryotes, they each would
have their own promoter and be transcribed on
their own strand of mRNA. This lesser degree of
control over gene expression contributes to the
simplicity of the prokaryotes as compared to the
eukaryotes.